Outline of thought

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thought (thinking):

Thought is the object of a mental process called thinking, in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of thinking, produces more thoughts. A thought may be an idea, an image, a sound or even control an emotional feeling.

Nature of thought

Thought (or thinking) can be described as all of the following:

An activity taking place in a:
- brain – organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals (only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain). It is the physical structure associated with the mind.
  - mind – abstract entity with the cognitive faculties of consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, and memory. Having a mind is a characteristic of living creatures. Activities taking place in a mind are called mental processes or cognitive functions.
- computer (see § Machine thought below) – general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations (an algorithm) can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.
An activity of intelligence – intelligence is the intellectual process of which is marked by cognition, motivation, and self-awareness. Through intelligence, living creatures possess the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, apply logic, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, problem solve, make decisions, retaining, and use language to communicate. Intelligence enables living creatures to experience and think.
- A type of mental process – something that individuals can do with their minds. Mental processes include perception, memory, thinking, volition, and emotion. Sometimes the term cognitive function is used instead.
A biological adaptation mechanism
- Neural network explanation: Thoughts are created by the summation of neural outputs and connections of which vectors form. These vectors describe the magnitude and direction of the connections and action between neurons. The graphs of these vectors can represent a network of neurons whose connections fire in different ways over time as synapses fire. These large thought vectors in the brain cause other vectors of activity. For example: An input from the environment is received by the neural network. The network changes the magnitude and outputs of individual neurons. The altered network outputs the symbols needed to make sense of the input.

Types of thoughts

1. Foundational Representations

Concept – Fundamental unit of cognition
- Abstract concept – Metaphysics concept covering the divide between two types of entities
- Concrete concept – Metaphysics concept covering the divide between two types of entities
Idea – Mental image or concept
Mental image – Representation in the mind of objects, activities or events, whether they existed or not
Percept / Perception

2. Propositions and Beliefs

Logical assertion – Statement in a metalanguage
Proposition – Bearer of truth values
Premise – Statement supporting a conclusion
Belief – Subjective attitude that something is true

3. Reasoning and Argumentation

Argument – Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
- Logical argument – Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
Syllogism – Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning

4. Inquiry and Speculation

Conjecture – Proposition in mathematics that is unproven
Hypothesis – Proposed explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem
Thought experiment – Hypothetical situation

5. Explanation and Synthesis

Explanation – Set of statements constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies causes
Theory – Supposition or system of ideas intended to explain something
Conceptual model – Theoretical framework
Mental model – Mental representation of the external world
Schema – Pattern of thought or behavior

6. Definition

Definition – Statement that attaches a meaning to a term

7. Decision Making

Decision (see Decision-making)

Content of thoughts

Communication – Transmission of information
Data – Unit of information
Information – Facts provided or learned about something or someone
Knowledge – Awareness of facts, or competency
Self-concept – One's internal beliefs about oneself

Types of thought (thinking)

Listed below are types of thought, also known as thinking processes.

Animal thought

Human thought

Human thought – Cognitive process independent of the senses

Analysis – Process of understanding a complex topic or substance
Awareness – State of knowing or noticing something
Calculation – Arithmetical calculations using only the human brain
- Estimation – Process of finding an approximation
Categorization – Putting things into categories
Cognitive restructuring – Type of psychological therapy
Computational thinking – Set of problem-solving methods
Convergent thinking – Ability to answer questions correctly without the need for novel ideas
Counterfactual thinking – Concept in psychology
Critical thinking – Analysis of facts to form a judgment
Data thinking – Product design framework
Evaluation – Characterizing and appraising something
Habit – Routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously
Integrative thinking – Reframing Critical Thinking Skills (CTS) for Group-Decision-Support-Systems (GDSS)
Intrapersonal communication – Communication with oneself
Introspection – Examining one's own thoughts and feelings
Learning – Process of acquiring new knowledge and memory
Parallel thinking – Maltese physician (1933–2021)
Prediction – Statement about a future event
Recollection – Retrieval of events or information from the past
Stochastic thinking
Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity
Training – Acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of teaching or practice
Visual thinking – Thinking through visual processing

Classifications of thought

Bloom's taxonomy – Classification system in education
Dual process theory – Psychological theory of how thought can arise in two different ways
Fluid and crystallized intelligence – Factors of general intelligence
Higher-order thinking – Concept in education and education reform
Theory of multiple intelligences – Educational model of human intelligence
Three-stratum theory – Cognitive ability theory
Williams' taxonomy

Creative processes

Brainstorming – Group creativity technique
Cognitive module – Concept in cognitive psychology
Creativity – Forming something new and somehow valuable
Creative problem solving – Mental process of problem solving
Creative writing – Academic discipline concerned with creating literature
Creativity techniques – Methods devised to encourage creative actions
Design thinking – Processes by which design concepts are developed

Divergent thinking – Process of generating creative ideas
Imagination – Creative ability
Lateral thinking – Manner of solving problems
Noogony – Epistemological term
Six Thinking Hats – 1985 book by Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono
Speech act – Utterance that serves a performative function
Stream of consciousness – Thoughts flowing through the conscious mind
Thinking outside the box – Metaphor for unconventional thinking

Decision-making

Choice – Deciding between multiple options
Cybernetics – Study of circular causal processes
Decision theory – Branch of applied probability theory
Executive functions – Cognitive processes necessary for control of behavior
Goals and goal setting – Idea of the future or result that a person or group wants to achieve
Judgement – Evaluation of circumstances to make a decision
Planning – Regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal
Rational choice theory – Class of models in the behavioral sciences
Speech act – Utterance that serves a performative function
Value (personal and cultural) – Personal value, basis for ethical action
Value judgment – Philosophical and ethical concept

Erroneous thinking

Black and white thinking – Failure to think in nuances
Catastrophization – Statement that represents something in an excessive manner
Cognitive bias – Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
Cognitive distortion – Exaggerated or irrational thought patterns
Dysrationalia – Inability to think and behave rationally despite adequate intelligence
Emotional reasoning – Cognitive process
Exaggeration – Statement that represents something in an excessive manner
Foolishness – Lack of social norms causing offence or similar effect
Fallacies – Argument that uses faulty reasoning (see also List of fallacies)
- Fallacies of definition – Ways in which a term may be poorly defined
- Logical fallacy – Form of incorrect argument in natural language
Groupthink – Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people
Irrationality – Thinking, talking, or acting without inclusion of rationality
Linguistic error – Unintended deviation from the rules of a language variety
Magical thinking – Belief in the connection of unrelated events
Minimisation (psychology) – Type of deception
Motivated reasoning – Processing personal/social information
Rationalization (psychology) – Psychological defense mechanism
Rhetoric – Art of persuasion
Straight and Crooked Thinking – Book by Robert H. Thouless (book)
Target fixation – Attentional phenomenon
Wishful thinking – Formation of beliefs based on what might be pleasing to imagine

Emotional intelligence (emotionally based thinking)

Emotional intelligence – Capability to understand one's emotions

Acting – Storytelling by enacting a character
Affect logic – Theory on interaction between feeling and thinking
Allophilia – Positive attitude towards others who are different
Attitude (psychology) – Concept in psychology and communication studies
Curiosity – Quality related to inquisitive thinking
Elaboration likelihood model – Dual process theory of persuasion
Emotion – Conscious subjective experiences and feelings
Emotion and memory – Critical factors contributing to the emotional enhancement effect on human memory
Emotional contagion – Spontaneous spread of emotions among a group
Empathy – Ability to understand or feel what another is feeling
Epiphany (feeling) – Positive affect associated with sudden understanding
Mood (psychology) – Relatively long lasting emotional, internal and subjective state
Motivation – Inner state causing goal-directed behavior
Propositional attitude – Concept in epistemology
Rhetoric – Art of persuasion
Self actualization – Human emotional need
Self control – Aspect of inhibitory control
Self-esteem – Human emotional need
Self-determination theory – Macro theory of human motivation and personality
Social cognition – Study of cognitive processes involved in social interactions
Will (philosophy) – Faculty that selects among a being's desires
Volition (psychology) – Cognitive process of decision to act

Problem solving

Problem solving – Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles

Problem solving steps
- Problem finding – Problem discovery
Process of elimination – Method of identifying an entity of interest
Systems thinking – Examining complex systems as a whole
- Critical systems thinking – Systems thinking multimethodology
Problem-solving strategy – steps one would use to find the problem(s) that are in the way to getting to one's own goal. Some would refer to this as the 'problem-solving cycle' (Bransford & Stein, 1993). In this cycle one will recognize the problem, define the problem, develop a strategy to fix the problem, organize the knowledge of the problem cycle, figure-out the resources at the user's disposal, monitor one's progress, and evaluate the solution for accuracy.
- Abstraction – Process of generalization – solving the problem in a model of the system before applying it to the real system
- Analogy – Form of figurative language – using a solution that solves an analogous problem
- Brainstorming – Group creativity technique – (especially among groups of people) suggesting a large number of solutions or ideas and combining and developing them until an optimum solution is found
- Divide and conquer – Process of understanding a complex topic or substance – breaking down a large, complex problem into smaller, solvable problems
- Hypothesis testing – Method of statistical inference – assuming a possible explanation to the problem and trying to prove (or, in some contexts, disprove) the assumption
- Lateral thinking – Manner of solving problems – approaching solutions indirectly and creatively
  - Oblique Strategies – Set of cards intended to promote creativity
  - Parallel thinking – Maltese physician (1933–2021)
  - Provocative operation – Signals provocation
  - Six Thinking Hats – 1985 book by Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono
- Means-ends analysis – Problem solving technique – choosing an action at each step to move closer to the goal
- Morphological analysis – Exploration of possible solutions – assessing the output and interactions of an entire system
- Proof – Sufficient evidence/argument for truth – try to prove that the problem cannot be solved. The point where the proof fails will be the starting point for solving it
- Reduction – Transformation of one computational problem to another – transforming the problem into another problem for which solutions exist
- Research – Systematic study undertaken to increase knowledge – employing existing ideas or adapting existing solutions to similar problems
- Root cause analysis – Method of identifying the fundamental causes of faults or problems – identifying the cause of a problem
- Thinking outside the box – Metaphor for unconventional thinking
- Trial-and-error – Method of problem-solving – testing possible solutions until the right one is found
- Troubleshooting – Form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes –
Problem-solving methodology
- 5 Whys – Iterative interrogative technique
- Decision cycle – Sequence of steps for decision-making
- Eight Disciplines Problem Solving – Eight disciplines of team-oriented problem solving method
- GROW model – Method for goal setting and problem solving
- How to Solve It – 1945 book on problem solving by George Pólya
- Learning cycle – How people learn from experience
- OODA loop – Observe–orient–decide–act cycle (observe, orient, decide, and act)
- PDCA – Iterative design and management method (plan–do–check–act)
- Problem structuring methods – Techniques used to model a situation to be changed
- RPR Problem Diagnosis (rapid problem resolution)
- TRIZ – Problem-solving tools (in Russian: Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch, "theory of solving inventor's problems")
- Vertical thinking – Thinking technique that involves an analytical approach to problem solving

Reasoning

Reasoning – Capacity for consciously making sense of things

Abstract thinking – Process of generalization
Adaptive reasoning – Problem solving strategy
Analogical reasoning – Form of figurative language
Analytic reasoning – Ability to look at information and discern patterns
Case-based reasoning – Process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems
Critical thinking – Analysis of facts to form a judgment
Defeasible reasoning – Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid – from authority: if p then (defeasibly) q
Diagrammatic reasoning – Reasoning by means of visual representations – reasoning by means of visual representations. Visualizing concepts and ideas with of diagrams and imagery instead of by linguistic or algebraic means
Emotional reasoning – Cognitive process (erroneous) – a cognitive distortion in which emotion overpowers reason, to the point the subject is unwilling or unable to accept the reality of a situation because of it.
Fallacious reasoning – Argument that uses faulty reasoning (erroneous) – logical errors
Heuristic – Problem-solving methods
Historical thinking
Intuitive reasoning – Ability to acquire knowledge without conscious reasoning
Lateral thinking – Manner of solving problems
Logic – Study of correct reasoning / Logical reasoning
- Abductive reasoning – Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation – from data and theory: p and q are correlated, and q is sufficient for p; hence, if p then (abducibly) q as cause
- Deductive reasoning – Form of reasoning – from meaning postulate, axiom, or contingent assertion: if p then q (i.e., q or not-p)
- Inductive reasoning – Method of logical reasoning – theory formation; from data, coherence, simplicity, and confirmation: (inducibly) "if p then q"; hence, if p then (deducibly-but-revisably) q
- Inference – Steps in reasoning
Moral reasoning – Study in psychology that overlaps with moral philosophy – process in which an individual tries to determine the difference between what is right and what is wrong in a personal situation by using logic. This is an important and often daily process that people use in an attempt to do the right thing. Every day for instance, people are faced with the dilemma of whether or not to lie in a given situation. People make this decision by reasoning the morality of the action and weighing that against its consequences.
Probabilistic reasoning – Applications of logic under uncertainty – from combinatorics and indifference: if p then (probably) q
Proportional reasoning – Reasoning about comparative relationships – using "the concept of proportions when analyzing and solving a mathematical situation."
Rational thinking – Quality of being agreeable to reason
Semiosis – Mode of communication
Statistical reasoning – Study of collection and analysis of data – from data and presumption: the frequency of qs among ps is high (or inference from a model fit to data); hence, (in the right context) if p then (probably) q
Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity
Synthetic reasoning – Semantic distinction in philosophy
Verbal reasoning – Understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words – understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words
Visual reasoning – process of manipulating one's mental image of an object in order to reach a certain conclusion – for example, mentally constructing a piece of machinery to experiment with different mechanisms

Machine thought

Artificial creativity
Automated reasoning
- Commonsense reasoning
- Model-based reasoning
- Opportunistic reasoning
- Qualitative reasoning – automated reasoning about continuous aspects of the physical world, such as space, time, and quantity, for the purpose of problem solving and planning using qualitative rather than quantitative information
- Spatial–temporal reasoning
- Textual case based reasoning
Computer program (recorded machine thought instructions)
Human-based computation

Organizational thought

Organizational thought (thinking by organizations)

Management information system – Information system used for organizational decision-making and coordination
Organizational communication – Field of study in communication studies
Organizational planning
- Strategic planning – Organizational decision making process
Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity
Systems theory – Interdisciplinary study of systems

Aspects of the thinker

Aspects of the thinker which may affect (help or hamper) his or her thinking:

Ability – Ability to influence the behaviour of others
Aptitude – Ability; competence to do a certain kind of work at a certain level
Attitude – Concept in psychology and communication studies
Behavior – Actions by entities within a system
Cognitive style – Concept in cognitive psychology
Common sense – Basic level of knowledge and judgement shared by nearly all people
Experience – Conscious event, perception or practical knowledge
Instinct – Behaviour due to innate biological factors
Intelligence – Ability to perceive, infer, retain or apply information
Metacognition – Self-awareness about thinking, higher-order thinking skills
Mental image – Representation in the mind of objects, activities or events, whether they existed or not
Mindset – Term in decision theory and general systems theory
Preference – To like one thing more than another
Rationality – Quality of being agreeable to reason
Skill – Ability to carry out a task
Wisdom – Combination of wit and virtue
- Sapience – Combination of wit and virtue

Properties of thought

Accuracy and precision – Measures of observational error
Cogency
Dogma – Beliefs accepted by members of a group without question
Effectiveness – Capability of producing the desired result
Efficacy – Ability to finish a task satisfactorily
Efficiency – Degree to which a process minimizes waste of resources
Freethought – Position that beliefs should be formed only on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism
Frugality – Being frugal in the consumption of consumable resources
Meaning – Study of meaning in language
Prudence – Ability of a person to regulate itself with the use of reason
Rights – Legal, social, or ethical principles
Skepticism – Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
Soundness – Term in logic and deductive reasoning
Validity – Argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are
Value theory – Systematic study of values
Wrongdoing – Act that is illegal or immoral

Fields that study thought

Linguistics – Scientific study of language
Philosophy – Study of general and fundamental questions
- Logic – Study of correct reasoning
- Philosophy of mind – Branch of philosophy
Neuroscience – Scientific study of the nervous system
- Cognitive science – Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processes
- Psychology – Study of mental functions and behaviors
  - Cognitive psychology – Subdiscipline of psychology
  - Social psychology – Study of social effects on people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
- Psychiatry – Branch of medicine devoted to mental disorders
Mathematics – Field of knowledge
Operations research – Discipline concerning the application of advanced analytical methods

Thought tools and thought research

Cognitive model – Model of cognition's operation
Design tool – Objects, media, or computer programs, which can be used to design
Diagram – Symbolic representation of information using visualization techniques
- Argument map – Visual representation of the structure of an argument
- Concept map – Diagram showing relationships among concepts
- Mind map – Diagram to visually organize information
DSRP – Theory and method of thinking
Intelligence amplification – Use of information technology to augment human intelligence
Language – Structured system of communication
Meditation – Techniques to train attention and awareness
Six Thinking Hats – 1985 book by Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono
Synectics – Thought process for making the strange familiar and the familiar strange

History of thinking

History of reasoning – Capacity for consciously making sense of things

History of artificial intelligence
History of cognitive science – Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processes
History of the concept of creativity
History of ideas – Study of the history of human ideas and of intellectuals
History of logic
History of psychometrics – Theory and technique of psychological measurement

Nootropics (cognitive enhancers and smart drugs)

Nootropic – Compound intended to improve cognitive function

Substances claimed to improve mental performance:^{[medical citation needed]}

5-Hydroxytryptophan, also known as 5-HTP
Adrafinil – Wakefulness-promoting drug (Olmifon)
Aniracetam – Medication
Withania somnifera, also known as Ashwagandha – Species of flowering plant
Bacopa monnieri – Species of aquatic plant (Brahmi)
Caffeine – Central nervous system stimulant
Acetylcarnitine, also known as Acetyl-L-carnitine – Form of L-carnitine (ALCAR)
Meclofenoxate, also known as Centrophenoxine – Chemical compound
Choline – Chemical compound and essential nutrient
Cholinergic – Agent which mimics choline
Chromium
Coenzyme Q10 – Biochemical cofactor and antioxidant
Coffee – Brewed beverage
Creatine – Chemical compound
Dimethylethanolamine (DMAE)
Ergoloid mesylates – Chemical compound (Hydergine)
Huperzine A – Chemical compound
Idebenone – Chemical compound
Inositol – Carbocyclic sugar
L-DOPA – Chemical compound
Lecithin – Generic term for amphiphilic substances of plant and animal origin
Lemon balm – Species of plant (Melissa Officinalis)
Lipoic acid
Methylphenidate – Central nervous system stimulant (Ritalin)
Modafinil – Wakefulness-promoting medication (Provigil)
Oxiracetam – Chemical compound
Phenibut – CNS depressant medication
Phenylalanine – Type of α-amino acid
Piracetam – Chemical compound (Nootropil)
Pramiracetam – Chemical compound
Pyritinol – Chemical compound (Enerbol)
Rhodiola rosea – Species of flowering plant in the stonecrop family
Selegiline (Deprenyl) – Medication
Eleutherococcus senticosus, also known as Siberian ginseng – Species of flowering plant
Hypericum perforatum, also known as St John's Wort – Flowering plant in the St John's wort family
Sutherlandia frutescens – Species of legume
Tea – Brewed beverage made from tea leaves
Theanine – Amino acid
Theophylline – Drug used to treat respiratory diseases
Tryptophan
Tyrosine – Amino acid
Vasopressin – Mammalian hormone released from the pituitary gland
Vinpocetine – Chemical compound
Vitamin B₃, also known as Nicotinic acid – Class of vitamins
Vitamin B₅ – Vitamin
Vitamin B₆ – Class of vitamins
Vitamin B₁₂ – Class of vitamins
Vitamin C – Essential nutrient found in citrus fruits and other foods
Pausinystalia johimbe, also known as Yohimbe – Species of flowering plant

Organizational thinking concepts

Attribution theory – Process by which individuals explain causes of behavior and events
Communication – Transmission of information
Concept testing – Surveys to judge the success of a new product before its introduction to the market
Evaporating Cloud – Thinking process
Fifth discipline – 1990 book by Peter Senge
Groupthink – Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people
Collective intelligence, also known as Group synergy – Group intelligence that emerges from collective efforts
Ideas bank – Sourcing services or funds from a group
Language interpretation – Facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages
Learning organization – Type of company
Metaplan
Operations research – Discipline concerning the application of advanced analytical methods
Organization development – Study and implementation of techniques that affect organizational change
Organizational communication – Field of study in communication studies
Organizational culture – Customary behaviours in an organization
Organizational ethics – Field of ethics focusing on organizations
Organizational learning – Academic discipline; examines how goal-driven social entities add and create knowledge
Rhetoric – Art of persuasion
Smart mob – Digital-communication coordinated group
Theory of constraints – Management paradigm
Think tank – Organization that performs policy research and advocacy
Wisdom of crowds – 2004 book by James Surowiecki

Teaching methods and skills

Active learning – Educational technique
Classical conditioning – Aspect of learning procedure
Directed listening and thinking activity
Discipline – Self-control
Learning theory (education) – Theory that describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning
Mentorship – Guidance relationship
Operant conditioning – Type of associative learning process for behavioral modification
Problem-based learning – Learner-centric pedagogy
Punishment – Imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome
Reinforcement – Consequence affecting an organism's future behavior

Awards related to thinking

Awards for acts of genius

Nobel Prize – Prizes established by Alfred Nobel in 1895
Pulitzer Prize – Awards for American journalism and arts
MacArthur Fellows Program – Annual prize by the MacArthur Foundation

Organizations

Associations pertaining to thought
- Association for Automated Reasoning
- Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking
- International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning – Conferences series on automated reasoning, automated deduction, and related fields
High IQ societies – Organization for people with a high IQ score
Mind Sports Organisation – Association for promoting mind sports
- World Mind Sports Games – Multi-sport event
Think tank – Organization that performs policy research and advocacy

Media

Publications

Books

Handbook of Automated Reasoning

Periodicals

Television programs

Thinkabout (U.S. TV series)

Persons associated with thinking

People notable for their extraordinary ability to think

Geniuses
- List of Nobel laureates (see also Nobel Prize)
Polymaths
Intellectual

Scientists in fields that study thought

List of cognitive scientists

Scholars of thinking

Related concepts

Awareness and perception

Learning and memory

Miscellaneous

References

↑ Dictionary.com, "mind": "1. (in a human or other conscious being) the element, part, substance, or process that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges, etc.: the processes of the mind. 2. Psychology. the totality of conscious and unconscious mental processes and activities. 3. intellect or understanding, as distinguished from the faculties of feeling and willing; intelligence."
↑ Google definition, "mind": "The element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness."
↑ Tirri, Nokelainen (January 2012). Measuring Multiple Intelligences and Moral Sensitivities in Education. Springer. ISBN 978-94-6091-758-5.
↑ Danko Nikolić (2014). "Practopoiesis: Or how life fosters a mind. arXiv:1402.5332 [q-bio.NC]".
↑ "Definition of: Moral Reasoning". Retrieved 21 July 2011.
↑ "Dictionary Search › proportional reasoning - Quizlet".
↑ Bockting, Claudi L. H. (June 2021). "Laudatio for Distinguished Scholar Dr. Aaron T. Beck". Clinical Psychology in Europe. 3 (2) e6871. doi:10.32872/cpe.6871. ISSN 2625-3410. PMC 9667126. PMID 36397958.

External links

The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts, Free Online Book

[dict-1] Dictionary.com, "mind": "1. (in a human or other conscious being) the element, part, substance, or process that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges, etc.: the processes of the mind. 2. Psychology. the totality of conscious and unconscious mental processes and activities. 3. intellect or understanding, as distinguished from the faculties of feeling and willing; intelligence."

[2] Google definition, "mind": "The element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness."

[3] Tirri, Nokelainen (January 2012). Measuring Multiple Intelligences and Moral Sensitivities in Education. Springer. ISBN 978-94-6091-758-5.

[Nikolic2014-4] Danko Nikolić (2014). "Practopoiesis: Or how life fosters a mind. arXiv:1402.5332 [q-bio.NC]".

[5] "Definition of: Moral Reasoning". Retrieved 21 July 2011.

[6] "Dictionary Search › proportional reasoning - Quizlet".

[7] Bockting, Claudi L. H. (June 2021). "Laudatio for Distinguished Scholar Dr. Aaron T. Beck". Clinical Psychology in Europe. 3 (2) e6871. doi:10.32872/cpe.6871. ISSN 2625-3410. PMC 9667126. PMID 36397958.