N-Desalkylflurazepam

N-Desalkylflurazepam
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityPeak plasma concentration achieved within 90-120 minutes
MetabolismLiver
Elimination half-life47-150 hours (~71hr avg)
150-200 hours (under continuous administration)
ExcretionKidney
Identifiers
  • 7-Chloro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.018.863 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC15H10ClFN2O
Molar mass288.71 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point205 to 206 °C (401 to 403 °F)
  • Fc1ccccc1C2=NCC(=O)Nc3ccc(Cl)cc23

N-Desalkylflurazepam (also known as norflurazepam) is a benzodiazepine analog and an active metabolite of several other benzodiazepine drugs including flurazepam, flutoprazepam, fludiazepam, midazolam, flutazolam, quazepam, and ethyl loflazepate. It is long-acting, prone to accumulation, and binds unselectively to the various benzodiazepine receptor subtypes. It has been sold as a designer drug from 2016 onward.

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

N-Desalkylflurazepam has an elimination half-life of 47–150 hours (up to 200 hours in some healthy volunteers), with an average of ~71 hours. Peak blood concentrations of N-Desalkylflurazepam is reached at 10.2 h following a single 15 mg dose of Flurazepam, typically around ~10-20.4 ng/mL.

Its plasma levels are unreliable amongst patients, and are largely influenced by liver disease, liver enzyme inducers and inhibitors, as well as old age (in men).

References

  1. 1 2 Flurazepam Monograph. Accessed 31 August 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 Nikfarjam Z, Doustkhahb E, Zamanic F, Brownd RW (August 2022). "Pharmaceutical applications of 1, 4-benzodiazepines". Benzodiazepine-Based Drug Discovery. pp. 125–182. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-824516-3.00009-4. ISBN 978-0-12-824516-3. p. 160: Table 5.19. Pharmacokinetic parameters of desalkylflurazepam as the major flurazepam metabolite after single 15 mg oral dose. Desalkylflurazepam shows the highest plasma peak concentration (20.4 ng/mL) that occurs at 10.2 h after dosing with an average t1/2 = 71.4 hr. This metabolite remains in the blood much longer than other species, which is still detectable after 9 days of administration.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Greenblatt DJ, Abernethy DR, Divoll M, Harmatz JS, Shader RI (April 1983). "Pharmacokinetic properties of benzodiazepine hypnotics". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 3 (2): 129–132. doi:10.1097/00004714-198304000-00036. PMID 6132931.
  4. ↑ Clarke GM, Barry LJ, Swinbourne FJ, Williamson B (1980). "The conversion of 2-(2-chloroacetamido)benzophenones into 2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1,4-benzodiazepines. Part III. Further consideration of the hexamine system". Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses (12): 400. INIST PASCAL8130245432.
  5. ↑ Riva R, de Anna M, Albani F, Baruzzi A (March 1981). "Rapid quantitation of flurazepam and its major metabolite, N-desalkylflurazepam, in human plasma by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection". Journal of Chromatography. 222 (3): 491–495. doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(00)84153-5. PMID 7228960.
  6. ↑ Barzaghi N, Leone L, Monteleone M, Tomasini G, Perucca E (1989). "Pharmacokinetics of flutoprazepam, a novel benzodiazepine drug, in normal subjects". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 14 (4): 293–298. doi:10.1007/bf03190114. PMID 2633923.
  7. ↑ Descotes J, ed. (December 1996). Human Toxicology (1st ed.). Elsevier Science. p. 43.
  8. ↑ Vogt S, Kempf J, Buttler J, Auwärter V, Weinmann W (2013). "Desalkylflurazepam found in patients' samples after high-dose midazolam treatment". Drug Testing and Analysis. 5 (9–10): 745–747. doi:10.1002/dta.1484. PMID 23713025.
  9. ↑ Miyaguchi H, Kuwayama K, Tsujikawa K, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Inoue H, et al. (February 2006). "A method for screening for various sedative-hypnotics in serum by liquid chromatography/single quadrupole mass spectrometry". Forensic Science International. 157 (1): 57–70. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.011. PMID 15869852.
  10. 1 2 3 Nikaido AM, Ellinwood EH (1987). "Comparison of the effects of quazepam and triazolam on cognitive-neuromotor performance". Psychopharmacology. 92 (4): 459–464. doi:10.1007/bf00176478. PMID 2888152.
  11. ↑ Ba BB, Iliadis A, Cano JP (1989). "Pharmacokinetic modeling of ethyl loflazepate (Victan) and its main active metabolites". Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 17 (6): 633–646. doi:10.1007/bf02367467. PMID 2574017.
  12. ↑ Davi H, Guyonnet J, Necciari J, Cautreels W (July 1985). "Determination of circulating ethyl loflazepate metabolites in the baboon by radio-high-performance liquid chromatography with injection of crude plasma samples: comparison with solvent extraction and thin-layer chromatography". Journal of Chromatography. 342 (1): 159–165. doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(00)84498-9. PMID 2864352.
  13. ↑ Manchester KR, Maskell PD, Waters L (March 2018). "Experimental versus theoretical log D7.4 , pKa and plasma protein binding values for benzodiazepines appearing as new psychoactive substances". Drug Testing and Analysis. 10 (8): 1258–1269. doi:10.1002/dta.2387. PMID 29582576.