Mancozeb

Mancozeb
Identifiers
ECHA InfoCard 100.122.419 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H6MnN2S4)x·(C4H6N2S4Zn)y mit x:y = 94:6
Molar mass 541.07 g·mol−1 (für x:y = 1:1)
Density 1.92 g·cm−3 (for x:y = 1:1)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Mancozeb is a dithiocarbamate non-systemic agricultural fungicide with multi-site, protective action on contact. It is a combination of two other dithiocarbamates: maneb and zineb. The mixture controls many fungal diseases in a wide range of field crops, fruits, nuts, vegetables, and ornamentals. It is marketed as Penncozeb, Trimanoc, Vondozeb, Dithane, Manzeb, Nemispot, and Manzane. In Canada, a mixture of zoxamide and mancozeb was registered for control of the mildew named Gavel as early as 2008.

Mechanism

Mancozeb reacts with, and inactivates, the sulfhydryl groups of amino acids and enzymes within fungal cells, resulting in disruption of lipid metabolism, respiration, and production of adenosine triphosphate.

Mancozeb is listed under FRAC code M:03 The "M:" refers to Chemicals with Multi-Site Activity. "M:" FRAC groups are defined as generally considered as a low risk group without any signs of resistance developing to the fungicides.

History

Mancozeb was approved in the United States in 1948 as a broad-spectrum fungicide for use in agriculture and horticulture.

Synthesis and Preparation

Mancozeb is produced by reacting maneb with zinc chloride. It consists of a mixture of manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate and zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate and can be represented by the molecular formula (C4H6MnN2S4)x·(C4H6N2S4Zn)y where x:y = 94:6

Uses

Use in the U.S.

Mancozeb is used under various trade names (e.g., Dithane, Manzeb, etc.) as an active ingredient in plant protection products (fungicide) for a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops, including various fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains, as well as potatoes, grapes, corn, and cotton. It is also used in combination with the active ingredients Zineb and Maneb. Mancozeb acts only as a preventive contact fungicide.

Approval Status

EU approval expired on January 31, 2018. At the national level, mancozeb was approved in 27 EU member states and in Switzerland, and was included in numerous plant protection products. Due to confirmed health concerns, the European Commission decided on December 14, 2020, to revoke the EU authorization for mancozeb. Member states were required to withdraw the authorizations for all plant protection products containing mancozeb by June 2021.

In Switzerland, the phase-out period was extended until May 31, 2022, because of pending legal proceedings.

Toxicology

The acceptable daily intake is 0.05, the acute reference dose is 0.6, and the acceptable operator exposure Level is 0.035 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has raised concerns about the potential toxic and endocrine-disrupting effects of mancozeb on human and animal health, as well as its environmental impacts.

A major toxicological concern is ethylenethiourea (ETU), an industrial contaminant and a breakdown product of mancozeb and other EBDC pesticides. It has potential to cause goiter, a condition in which the thyroid gland is enlarged and has produced birth defects and cancer in experimental animals. ETU has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by the EPA. Mancozeb has been shown to have significant negative effects on beneficial root fungi - totally preventing spore germination at levels far below recommended dosage levels.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "096. Mancozeb (FAO/PL:1967/M/11/1)". www.inchem.org. Retrieved 2026-10-20.
  2. ↑ Record of Mancozeb in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
  3. ↑ "Mancozeb". Cornell University. 1993. Archived from the original on November 11, 1999. Retrieved 2014-07-20. It is a combination of two other chemicals of this class, maneb and zineb
  4. ↑ "Gowan buys Dow's Gavel potato fungicide". grainews.ca. July 18, 2008.
  5. ↑ Tomlin C.D.S (2003). The Pesticide Manual - A world compendium (Thirteenth ed.). British Crop Protection Council.
  6. ↑ "FRAC Code List ©*2017" (PDF). Fungicide Resistance Action Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  7. ↑ United States Environmental Protection Agency: Archived (Date missing) at epa.gov (Error: unknown archive URL) (PDF-Datei; 110 kB).
  8. ↑ ProfiFlor.de: Mancozeb, abgerufen am 29. Januar 2018.
  9. ↑ EU: EU nimmt Fungizid Mancozeb vom Markt, abgerufen am 3. Juli 2023.
  10. ↑ "EU Pesticides Database". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2026-10-20.
  11. ↑ Katrin Erfurt: Mancozeb-Verbot: Die Zwiebelproduktion wird herausfordernder In: bauernzeitung.ch. 4. Februar 2022, abgerufen am 27. Februar 2022.
  12. ↑ "Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance mancozeb", EFSA Journal, vol. 17, no. 7, p. 5755, 2019
  13. ↑ "Mancozeb". Extension Toxicology Network. September 1993. Archived from the original on 2020-06-20. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  14. ↑ Giovannetti, M.; Turrini, A.; Strani, P.; Sbrana, C.; Avio, L.; Pietrangeli, B. (January 2006). "Mycorrhizal fungi in ecotoxicological studies: Soil impact of fungicides, insecticides and herbicides" (PDF). Prevention Today. 2 (1–2): 47–62. Retrieved 2024-07-12.