Eastern Pwo language

Eastern Pwo
ဖၠုံ, ဖၠုံယှိုဝ်, ဖၠုံဘာႋသာ့ဆ်ုခၠါင်, ဖၠုံဆ်ုခၠါင်[citation needed]
Native toMyanmar, Thailand
EthnicityPwo Karen people
Native speakers
(1,050,000 cited 1998)
Mon-Burmese script (various alphabets)
Leke script, Thai script
Language codes
ISO 639-3kjp
Glottologpwoe1235
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Eastern Pwo or Phlou (Pwo Eastern Karen: ဖၠုံ, ဖၠုံယှိုဝ်, ဖၠုံဘာႋသာ့ဆ်ုခၠါင်, ဖၠုံဆ်ုခၠါင်[citation needed], Burmese: အရှေ့ပိုးကရင်) is a Karen language spoken by Eastern Pwo people and over a million people in Myanmar and by about 50,000 in Thailand, where it has been called Southern Pwo. It is not intelligible with other varieties of Pwo, with which it shares 63 to 65% lexical similarity. The Eastern Pwo dialects share 91 to 97% lexical similarity.

A script called Leke was developed between 1830 and 1860 and is used by members of the millenarian Leke sect of Buddhism. Otherwise, a variety of Mon-Burmese alphabets are used, and refugees in Thailand have created a Thai alphabet that is in limited use.

Distribution

Phonology

The following displays the phonological features of two of the eastern Pwo Karen dialects, Pa'an and Tavoy:

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar (Alveolo-)
Palatal
Velar Uvular/
Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless p t̪ t tɕ k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ tɕʰ kʰ
voiced b d
implosive (ɓ) (ɗ)
Fricative voiceless ɕ x h
voiced ɣ ʁ
Sonorant median w r j
lateral l

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ɨ ɯ u
Near-high ɪ ʊ
High-mid e ɤ o
Low-mid ɛ ɔ
Low a

Tones

Four tones are present in Eastern Pwo:

Tones
v́ ˦
v̄ ˧
v̀ ˨
v̂ ˥˩

Dialects

Alphabet

The alphabet used for Eastern Pwo Karen language is in Mon-Burmese script.

Letters

The Eastern Pwo alphabet contains 36 letters, including 3 unique to the language (in gold), and one shared with Mon.

က
k
ခ
kh
ဂ
g
ဃ
gh
င
nga
စ
ca
ဆ
cha
ဇ
ja
ဈ
jha
ည
nnya
ဋ
ṭa
ဌ
ṭha
ဍ
ḍa
ဎ
ḍha
ၮ
ṇa
တ
t
ထ
th
ဒ
da
ဓ
dha
န
na
ပ
pa
ဖ
pha
ဗ
ba
ဘ
bha
မ
ma
ယ
ya
ရ
ra
လ
la
ဝ
va
သ
sa
ဟ
ha
ဠ
la
အ
a
ၜ
ḅa
ၯ
ywa
ၰ
ghwa

Numerals

NumberNumeralName
0
၀
ploh plih
ပၠဝ်ပၠေ/သြုံ့
1
၁
luh
လ်ု လုဟ်
2
၂
née
ၮီ့
3
၃
thuh
သိုင့်
4
၄
lee
လီႋ
5
၅
yeh
ယာဲ
6
၆
hu
ၰူ့
7
၇
nwey
နိုဲ့
8
၈
xoh
ၰိုတ်
9
၉
khwee
ခုဲ့
10
၁၀
luh chi/chi
လ်ုဆီ့(ဆီ့)
11
၁၁
chi luh
ဆီ့လ်ု
12
၁၂
chi ne
ဆီ့ၮီ့
20
၂၀
ne chi
ၮီ့ဆီ့
21
၂၁
ne chi luh
ၮီ့ဆီ့လ်ု
22
၂၂
ne chi ne
ၮီ့ဆီ့ၮီ့
100
၁၀၀
luh pong/pong
လ်ုဖင်ႋ(ဖင်ႋ)
101
၁၀၁
luh pong luh
လ်ုဖင်ႋလ်ု
1 000
၁ ၀၀၀
luh muh/muh
လ်ုမိုင့်(မိုင့်)
10 000
၁ ၀၀၀၀
luh lah/lah
လ်ုလာ(လာ)
100 000
၁၀၀ ၀၀၀
luh thay/thay
လ်ုလုဂ်(လုဂ်)/လ်ုသိင်ႋ(သိင်ႋ)

The Eastern Pwo Karen numerals were encoded in the Myanmar Extended C Unicode block in Unicode v16.0 in 2024.

Decimals

Due to the close approximation to Thailand, the Eastern Pwo Karen adopts Thai's decimal word, chut, (Karen: ကျူဒ်, ကျူ(ဒ်); Thai: จุด; English: and, dot). For example, 1.01 is luh chut ploh plih luh (လ်ု ပၠဝ်ပၠေလ်ု).

Fractions

Fractions are formed by saying puh (ပုံႉ) after the numerator and the denominator. For example, one-third (1/3) would be luh puh thuh puh (လ်ုပုံသိုင့်ပုံ) and three over one, three-"oneths" (3/1) would be thuh puh luh puh (သိုင့်ပုံလ်ုပုံ).

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
  2. ↑ Eastern Pwo at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  3. ↑ Kato, Atsuhiko (1995). The phonological systems of three Pwo Karen dialects. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 18. pp. 63–103.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ↑ Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (2006-09-08). "Proposal for encoding Myanmar characters for Karen and Kayah in the UCS" (PDF). ISO.