List of missions to Mars

This is a list of spacecraft missions (including unsuccessful ones) to the planet Mars, such as orbiters, landers, and rovers. Mission time is often measured in Mars sols, solar days on Mars.

Missions

Mission Type Legend: Mission to Mars
Gravity assist, destination elsewhere

Mission		Launch date	Operator	Carrier rocket	Spacecraft	Mission type	Outcome
1	1M No.1	10 October 1960	OKB-1	Molniya	1M No.1	Flyby	Launch failure
1	1M No.1	Failed to achieve Earth orbit.^{[citation needed]}
2	1M No.2	14 October 1960	OKB-1	Molniya	1M No.2	Flyby	Launch failure
2	1M No.2	Failed to achieve Earth orbit.^{[citation needed]}
3	2MV-4 No.1	24 October 1962	Soviet Union	Molniya	2MV-4 No.1	Flyby	Launch failure
3	2MV-4 No.1	Booster stage ("Block L") disintegrated in LEO.^{[citation needed]}
4	Mars 1	1 November 1962	Soviet Union	Molniya	2MV-4 No.2	Flyby	Spacecraft failure
4	Mars 1	Communications lost before first flyby.^{[citation needed]}
5	2MV-3 No.1	4 November 1962	Soviet Union	Molniya	2MV-3 No.1	Lander	Launch failure
5	2MV-3 No.1	Never left Low Earth orbit.^{[citation needed]}
6	Mariner 3	5 November 1964	NASA	Atlas LV-3 Agena-D	Mariner 3	Flyby	Launch failure
6	Mariner 3	Payload fairing failed to separate.^{[citation needed]}
7	Mariner 4	28 November 1964	NASA	Atlas LV-3 Agena-D	Mariner 4	Flyby	Success
7	Mariner 4	First successful flyby of Mars on 15 July 1965.^{[citation needed]}
8	Zond 2	30 November 1964	Soviet Union	Molniya	3MV-4A No.2	Flyby	Spacecraft failure
8	Zond 2	Communications lost before flyby.^{[citation needed]}
9	Mariner 6	25 February 1969	NASA	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D	Mariner 6	Flyby	Success
9	Mariner 6	Part of a dual mission to Mars along with Mariner 7.
10	2M No.521	27 March 1969	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D	1969A	Orbiter	Launch failure
10	2M No.521	Failed to achieve Earth orbit.^{[citation needed]}
11	Mariner 7	27 March 1969	NASA	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D	Mariner 7	Flyby	Success
11	Mariner 7	Part of a dual mission to Mars along with Mariner 6. Closest approach to Mars was five days after Mariner 6.
12	2M No.522	2 April 1969	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D	1969B	Orbiter	Launch failure
12	2M No.522	Failed to achieve Earth orbit.^{[citation needed]}
13	Mariner 8	9 May 1971	NASA	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D	Mariner 8	Orbiter	Launch failure
13	Mariner 8	Failed to achieve Earth orbit.^{[citation needed]}
14	Kosmos 419	10 May 1971	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D	3MS No.170	Orbiter	Launch failure
14	Kosmos 419	Never left Low Earth orbit; booster stage burn timer set incorrectly.^{[citation needed]}
15	Mars 2	19 May 1971	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D	4M No.171	Orbiter	Success
					SA 4M No.171	Lander	Spacecraft failure
					PrOP-M	Rover	Precluded
		On November 27, the Mars 2 Orbiter became in short sequence the second spacecraft to orbit another planet. The lander became the first human-made object to impact Mars. Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971. Operated for 362 orbits PrOP-M was the first rover launched to Mars. Lost when the Mars 2 lander crashed into the surface of Mars.^{[citation needed]}
16	Mars 3	28 May 1971	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D	4M No.172	Orbiter	Success
					SA 4M No.172	Lander	Partial failure
					PrOP-M	Rover	Precluded
		On December 2, it became in short sequence the third spacecraft to orbit another planet. Operated for 20 orbits. Mars 3 Lander was the first lander to make a soft landing on Mars on 2 December 1971. First partial image (70 lines) transmitted showing "gray background with no details". Contact lost 20 seconds after transmission started, 110 seconds after landing. PrOP-M was the first rover to make a soft landing on another planet. 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) rover connected to the Mars 3 lander by a tether. Deployment status unknown due to loss of communications with the Mars 3 lander.
17	Mariner 9	30 May 1971	NASA	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D	Mariner 9	Orbiter	Success
17	Mariner 9	First spacecraft to orbit another planet, two weeks ahead of Mars 2 on November 14. Deactivated 516 days after entering orbit.
18	Mars 4	21 July 1973	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D	3MS No.52S	Orbiter	Partial failure
18	Mars 4	Failed to perform orbital insertion burn. Returned photographs of Mars during flyby.
19	Mars 5	25 July 1973	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D	3MS No.52S	Orbiter	Success
19	Mars 5	Contact lost after 9 days in Mars orbit. Returned 180 frames.^{[citation needed]}
20	Mars 6	5 August 1973	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D	3MS No.50P	Orbiter	Success
		5 August 1973	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D	Mars 6 lander	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Flyby bus collected data. Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unusable.^{[citation needed]}
21	Mars 7	9 August 1973	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D	3MP No.51P	Flyby	Success
		9 August 1973	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D	Mars 7 lander	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Flyby bus collected data.^{[citation needed]} Lander separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere.^{[citation needed]}
22	Viking 1	20 August 1975	NASA	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T	Viking 1 orbiter	Orbiter	Success
		20 August 1975	NASA	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T	Viking 1 lander	Lander	Success
		Entered Mars orbit on 19 June 1976 and operated until 1385 orbits.^{[citation needed]} Viking 1 lander was the First successful Mars lander. Deployed from Viking 1 orbiter. Landed on Mars on 20 July 1976. Operated for 2245 sols.^{[citation needed]}
23	Viking 2	9 September 1975	NASA	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T	Viking 2 orbiter	Orbiter	Success
		9 September 1975	NASA	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T	Viking 2 lander	Lander	Success
		Operated for 700 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 7 August 1976.^{[citation needed]} Viking 2 lander was deployed from Viking 2 orbiter. Landed on Mars in September 1976. Operated for 1281 sols (11 April 1980).^{[citation needed]}
24	Phobos 1	7 July 1988	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D-2	1F No.101	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
		7 July 1988	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D-2	DAS	Lander (Phobos)	Precluded
		Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit. Phobos lander was to have been deployed by the spacecraft.^{[citation needed]}
25	Phobos 2	12 July 1988	Soviet Union	Proton-K / D-2	1F No.102	Orbiter	Mostly successful
					DAS	Lander (Phobos)	Precluded
					Prop-F	Rover (Phobos)	Precluded
		Orbital observations successful, communications lost before lander and rover deployment.^{[citation needed]}
26	Mars Observer	25 September 1992	NASA	Commercial Titan III	Mars Observer	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
26	Mars Observer	Lost communications before orbital insertion.^{[citation needed]}
27	Mars Global Surveyor	7 November 1996	NASA	Delta II 7925	Mars Global Surveyor	Orbiter	Success
27	Mars Global Surveyor	Operated for ten years.^{[citation needed]}
28	Mars 96	16 November 1996	Roscosmos	Proton-K / D-2	M1 No.520(Mars-8)	Orbiter	Launch failure
					Mars 96 lander (A)	Lander	Precluded
					Mars 96 lander (B)	Lander	Precluded
					Mars 96 penetrator (A)	Penetrator	Precluded
					Mars 96 penetrator (B)	Penetrator	Precluded
		Never left Low Earth orbit. Two small landers and penetrators were to have been deployed by the Mars 96 orbiter.
29	Mars Pathfinder	4 December 1996	NASA	Delta II 7925	Mars Pathfinder	Lander	Success
		4 December 1996	NASA	Delta II 7925	Sojourner	Rover	Success
		Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997, last contact on 27 September 1997. Sojourner was the first rover to operate on another planet. Operated for 84 days
30	Nozomi	3 July 1998	ISAS	M-V	PLANET-B	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
30	Nozomi	Performed a Mars flyby. Later contact lost due to loss of fuel. However provided crucial information about the deep space environment.
31	Mars Surveyor '98 Orbiter	11 December 1998	NASA	Delta II 7425	Mars Climate Orbiter	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
31	Mars Surveyor '98 Orbiter	Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to a software interface bug involving different units for impulse and either burned up in the atmosphere or entered solar orbit.^{[citation needed]}
32	Mars Surveyor '98 Lander	3 January 1999	NASA	Delta II 7425	Mars Polar Lander	Lander	Spacecraft failure
					Deep Space 2 (A)	Penetrator	Spacecraft failure
					Deep Space 2 (B)	Penetrator	Spacecraft failure
		Failed to function after landing. No data transmitted from Deep Space 2 after deployment from MPL.^{[citation needed]}
33	2001 Mars Odyssey	7 April 2001	NASA	Delta II 7925	Mars Odyssey	Orbiter	Operational
33	2001 Mars Odyssey	Was expected to remain operational until 2025.^{[citation needed]} Operational as of 23 October 2026.
34	Mars Express	2 June 2003	ESA	Soyuz-FG / Fregat	Mars Express Orbiter	Orbiter	Operational
		2 June 2003	ESA	Soyuz-FG / Fregat	Beagle 2	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Enough fuel to remain operational until 2035.^{[citation needed]} No communications received after release from Mars Express. Orbital images of landing site suggest a successful landing, but two solar panels failed to deploy, obstructing its communications.^{[citation needed]}
35	Spirit	10 June 2003	NASA	Delta II 7925	Spirit (MER-A)	Rover	Success
35	Spirit	Landed on 4 January 2004. Operated for 2208 sols.^{[citation needed]}
36	Opportunity	8 July 2003	NASA	Delta II 7925H	Opportunity (MER-B)	Rover	Success
36	Opportunity	Landed on 25 January 2004. Operated for 5351 sols.^{[citation needed]}
–	Cornerstone 9	2 March 2004	ESA	Ariane 5G+	Rosetta	Flyby (Gravity assist)	Success
		2 March 2004	ESA	Ariane 5G+	Philae	Flyby (Gravity assist)	Success
		Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
37	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter	12 August 2005	NASA	Atlas V 401	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter	Orbiter	Operational
37	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter	Entered orbit on 10 March 2006.^{[citation needed]}
38	Phoenix	4 August 2007	NASA	Delta II 7925	Phoenix	Lander	Success
38	Phoenix	Landed on 25 May 2008. End of mission 2 November 2008.^{[citation needed]}
–	Dawn	27 September 2007	NASA	Delta II 7925H	Dawn	Flyby (Gravity assist)	Success
–	Dawn	Flyby in February 2009 en route to 4 Vesta and Ceres.^{[citation needed]}
39	China-Russia joint Mars mission	8 November 2011	Roscosmos	Zenit-2M	Fobos-Grunt	Sample return (Phobos)	Launch failure
		8 November 2011	CNSA	Zenit-2M	Yinghuo-1	Orbiter	Precluded
		Never left Low Earth orbit (intended to depart under own power). Yinghuo-1 was to have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt.^{[citation needed]}
40	Mars Science Laboratory	26 November 2011	NASA	Atlas V 541	Curiosity	Rover	Operational
40	Mars Science Laboratory	Landed on 6 August 2012.^{[citation needed]}
41	Mars Orbiter Mission	5 November 2013	ISRO	PSLV-XL	MOM	Orbiter	Success
41	Mars Orbiter Mission	Entered orbit on 24 September 2014. Mission extended to 2022, where the mission concluded on September 27, 2022, after contact was lost.
42	MAVEN	18 November 2013	NASA	Atlas V 401	MAVEN	Orbiter	Success
42	MAVEN	Orbit insertion on 22 September 2014. Last contact on 6 December 2025.
43	ExoMars	14 March 2016	Roscosmos / ESA	Proton-M / Briz-M	Trace Gas Orbiter	Orbiter	Operational
		14 March 2016	ESA	Proton-M / Briz-M	Schiaparelli EDM	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Entered orbit on 19 October 2016.^{[citation needed]} Schiaparelli EDM lander was Carried by the Orbiter. Although the lander crashed, engineering data on the first five minutes of entry was successfully retrieved.
44	Discovery 12	5 May 2018	NASA	Atlas V 401	InSight	Lander	Success
					MarCO-A	Flyby	Success
					MarCO-B	Flyby	Success
		InSight landed on 26 November 2018. Last contact 15 December 2022. MarCO A and B relay cubesats which were used to test communications, flew by Mars on 26 November 2018 with last contact on 4 January 2019.
45	Emirates Mars Mission	19 July 2020	MBRSC	H-IIA	Hope	Orbiter	Operational
45	Emirates Mars Mission	Entered orbit on 9 February 2021.
46	Tianwen-1	23 July 2020	CNSA	Long March 5	Tianwen-1 orbiter	Orbiter	Operational
					Tianwen-1 lander	Lander	Success
					Zhurong	Rover	Success
					Tianwen-1 Remote Camera	Camera	Success
					Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2	Camera	Success
		Entered orbit on 10 February 2021. Tianwen-1 lander landed on 14 May 2021 and deployed Zhurong rover. Rover became inactive on 20 May 2022. Remote Camera was deployed by the Tianwen-1 lander on 22 May 2021. Deployable Camera 2 entered orbit on 10 February 2021, deployed 31 December 2021.
47	Mars 2020	30 July 2020	NASA	Atlas V 541	Perseverance	Rover	Operational
		30 July 2020	NASA	Atlas V 541	Ingenuity	Helicopter	Success
		Landed on 18 February 2021. Ingenuity took the first aerodynamic flight on another planet. Landed with Perseverance rover on 18 February 2021. Deployed from rover on 3 April 2021. First flight achieved on 3 April 2021. Retired on 25 January 2024 due to sustained rotor blade damage.^{[citation needed]}
–	Discovery 14	13 October 2023	NASA	Falcon Heavy	Psyche	Flyby (Gravity assist)	Success
–	Discovery 14	Gravity assist en route to 16 Psyche in May 2026
–	S2P	7 October 2024	ESA	Falcon 9	Hera	Flyby (Gravity assist)	Success
–	S2P	Flyby in March 2025 en route to 65803 Didymos.
–	Europa Clipper	14 October 2024	NASA	Falcon Heavy	Europa Clipper	Flyby (Gravity assist)	Success
–	Europa Clipper	Flyby in March 2025 en route to Jupiter and Europa.
48	ESCAPADE	13 November 2025	NASA / UC Berkeley	New Glenn	ESCAPADE Blue	Orbiter	Enroute
		13 November 2025	NASA / UC Berkeley	New Glenn	ESCAPADE Gold	Orbiter	Enroute
		Twin spacecraft; Mars orbit insertion expected in September 2027.

Landing locations

In 1999, Mars Climate Orbiter accidentally entered Mars's atmosphere and either burnt up or left Mars's orbit on an unknown trajectory.^{[citation needed]}

There are a number of derelict spacecraft orbiting Mars whose location is not known precisely. There is a proposal to use the Optical Navigation Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to search for small moons, dust rings and old orbiters. As of 2016, there were believed to be eight derelict spacecraft in orbit around Mars (barring unforeseen event). The Viking 1 orbiter was not expected to decay until at least 2019. Mariner 9, which entered Mars orbit in 1971, was expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when it was projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up, or crash into the planet's surface.

Timeline

Missions to the moons of Mars

There were multiple missions proposed to explore the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos.

Ongoing missions

Japanese mission Martian Moons eXploration (MMX), built on JAXA's expertise gained through the Hayabusa2 and SLIM missions, was launched on 19 October 2026. The mission includes a lander, a Phobos rover, Idefix, and a sample return.

Planned mission	Target	Reference
Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)	Phobos and Deimos

Past missions

There have been three unsuccessful dedicated missions launched by the Soviet Union and Russia.

Mission	Target	Outcome
Phobos 1	Phobos	Spacecraft failure
Phobos 2	Phobos	Spacecraft failure
Fobos-Grunt	Phobos	Launch failure

Past proposals

There have been at least three proposals in NASA's Discovery Program, including PADME, PANDORA, and MERLIN. The ESA has also considered a sample return mission, like Martian Moon Sample Return (MMSR).

Osiris-Rex 2 was a proposal to make OR a double mission, with the other one collecting samples from the two Mars moons. In 2012, it was considered the quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the moons.

The "Red Rocks Project", a part of Lockheed Martin's "Stepping Stones to Mars" program, proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.

Proposal	Target	Reference
Aladdin	Phobos and Deimos
DePhine	Phobos and Deimos
DSR	Deimos
Gulliver	Deimos
Hall	Phobos and Deimos
M-PADS	Phobos and Deimos
Merlin	Phobos and Deimos
MMSR	Phobos or Deimos
OSIRIS-REx 2	Phobos or Deimos
Pandora	Phobos and Deimos
PCROSS	Phobos
Phobos Surveyor	Phobos
PRIME	Phobos
Fobos-Grunt 2	Phobos
Phootprint	Phobos
PADME	Phobos and Deimos

Statistics

Summary

Launches to Mars
Decade
1960s	12
1970s	11
1980s	2
1990s	7
2000s	6
2010s	6
2020s	4

Mission milestone by country

Legend

Achieved
Failed attempt
† First to achieve

Mars missions
Country/Agency	Flyby	Orbit	Impact	Lander	Rover	Drone	Sample return	Crewed Landing
United States	Mariner 4, 1965 †	Mariner 9, 1971 †	Mars Polar Lander, 1999	Viking 1, 1976	Sojourner, 1997 †	Ingenuity, 2021 †	—	—
China	Tianwen-1, 2021	Tianwen-1, 2021	—	Tianwen-1, 2021	Zhurong, 2021	—	—	—
Soviet Union	Mars 2, 1971	Mars 2, 1971	Mars 2 Lander, 1971 †	Mars 3, 1971 †	PrOP-M, 1971	—	—	—
ESA	Mars Express, 2003	Mars Express, 2003	Schiaparelli EDM, 2016	Schiaparelli EDM, 2016	—	—	—	—
United Kingdom	Beagle 2, 2003	—	Beagle 2, 2003	Beagle 2, 2003	—	—	—	—
India	MOM, 2014	MOM, 2014	—	—	—	—	—	—
Russia	TGO, 2016	TGO, 2016	Mars 96, 1996	Mars 96, 1996	—	—	—	—
UAE	Hope, 2021	Hope, 2021	—	—	—	—	—	—
Japan	Nozomi, 1998	Nozomi, 1998	—	—	—	—	—	—

Phobos missions
Country/Agency	Impact	Lander	Rover	Sample return
Soviet Union	Phobos 1, 1988	Phobos 1, 1988	Phobos 1, 1988	—
Russia	Fobos-Grunt, 2011	Fobos-Grunt, 2011	—	Fobos-Grunt, 2011

Missions by organization/company

Country	Agency or company	Successful	Partial failure	Failure	Operational	Gravity assist	Total
United States	NASA	13	-	5	5	1	24
Soviet Union	Energia	1	6	10	-	-	17
Russia	Roscosmos	-	1	2	-	-	3
23 member states Austria Belgium Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom	ESA	-	2	-	-	1	3
China	CNSA	1	-	1	1	-	2
India	ISRO	1	-	-	-	-	1
United Arab Emirates	UAESA	1	-	-	1	-	1
Japan	ISAS	-	-	1	-	-	1
United Kingdom	NSC	-	-	1	-	-	1

Future missions

Under development

Name	Proposed launch date	Type	Status
Rosalind Franklin	NET October 2028	Rover	under development
Tianwen-3	NET 2028	Mars sample return mission	under development
Mars Lander Mission	2031	Orbiter, lander, rover, aircraft	under development

Proposed missions

Mission	Organisation	Proposed launch	Type
Mars Telecommunications Network	NASA	TBA	Orbiter
Space Reactor‑1 Freedom	NASA	NET 2028	The "first nuclear powered interplanetary spacecraft" and several Ingenuity-class helicopters
SkyFall	NASA	NET 2028	Three helicopters, additional payload on SR-1 Freedom spacecraft.
TEREX	NICT	Mid 2020s	Orbiter
Fobos-Grunt 2 and Mars-Grunt	Roscosmos	2030s	Orbiter, lander, ascent vehicle, sample-return
M-MATISSE	ESA	2037	Two orbiters

Unrealized concepts

1970s

Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM – projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavy Marsokhod (in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970) and Mars sample return (planned for 1975). The missions were to be launched on the failed N1 rocket.
Mars 5M (Mars-79) – double-launching Soviet sample return mission planned to 1979 but cancelled due to complexity and technical problems
Voyager-Mars – USA, 1970s – Two orbiters and two landers, launched by a single Saturn V rocket.

1990s

Vesta – the multiaimed Soviet mission, developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991–1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding, included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of 1 Ceres or 4 Vesta and some other asteroids with impact of penetrator on the one of them.
Mars Aerostat – Russian/French balloon part for cancelled Vesta mission and then for failed Mars 96 mission, originally planned for the 1992 launch window, postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled.
Mars Together, combined U.S. and Russian mission study in the 1990s. To be launched by a Molniya with possible U.S. orbiter or lander.
Mars Environmental Survey – set of 16 landers planned for 1999–2009
Mars-98 – Russian mission including an orbiter, lander, and rover, planned for 1998 launch opportunity as repeat of failed Mars 96 mission; cancelled due to lack of funding.

2000s

Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander – 2001 lander (refurbished, became Phoenix lander)
Kitty Hawk – Mars airplane micromission, proposed in 2003, the centennial of the Wright brothers' first flight. Its funding was eventually given to the 2003 Mars Network project.
NetLander – 2007 Mars landers
Beagle 3 – 2009 British lander mission meant to search for life, past or present
Mars Telecommunications Orbiter – 2009 orbiter for telecommunications

2010s–2020s

Mars One – announced in 2012, planned to land a demo lander on Mars by 2016, with a crewed landing to follow by 2023. These dates were delayed multiple times, and the project was eventually cancelled, with the company going bankrupt in 2019
Sky-Sailor – 2014 – Plane developed by Switzerland to take detailed pictures of Mars surface
Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – 2018 rover concept, cancelled due to budget cuts in 2011. Sample cache goal later moved to Mars 2020 rover.
Red Dragon – Derivative of a Dragon 2 capsule by SpaceX, designed to land by aerobraking and retropropulsion. Planned for 2018, then 2020. Canceled in favor of the Starship system.
Tumbleweed rover, wind-propelled sphere
MELOS, Japanese rover and aircraft concept
Icebreaker Life, astrobiology lander concept
Next Mars Orbiter, orbiter, communication satellite
Mars MetNet, atmospheric probes concept
Mars Geyser Hopper, lander, mission to Mars geysers
Mars Micro Orbiter, small satellites as part of SIMPLEx program
Biological Oxidant and Life Detection, impactor
SatRevolution, nanosatellite
NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
Commercial Mission to Mars by Relativity Space and Impulse Space in 2026
International Mars Ice Mapper Mission by NASA Canadian Space Agency, Italian Space Agency and JAXA, proposed for 2030s NASA withdraw from the project, and the program was effectively cancelled
Mars Life Explorer by NASA, 2030s not selected
MAGGIE aircraft, not selected

Notes

↑ While Beagle 2 had landed intact, it failed to establish communication.

References

↑ "Russia's unmanned missions to Mars". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ Chronology of Mars Exploration. NASA. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.
↑ "Mariner 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
1 2 3 "Chronology of Mars Missions". ResearchGate. doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.29797.65768. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018.
↑ "Mariner 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
1 2 3 Smith, Kiona N. (30 May 2017). "The Mariner 9 Spacecraft And The Race To Orbit Mars". Forbes. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
↑ "NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive Status - NASA". Retrieved 8 March 2026.
↑ "Missions to Mars". The Planetary Society.
↑ "Mars 3 Lander". NASA. Mars 3 was the first spacecraft to make a successful soft landing on Mars.
↑ "The First Rover on Mars - The Soviets Did It in 1971". Planetary Society. The Mars 2 and 3 rover, which landed on Mars in 1971.
1 2 Perminov, V.G. (July 1999). The Difficult Road to Mars - A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union. NASA Headquarters History Division. pp. 34–60. ISBN 0-16-058859-6.
↑ Webster, Guy (11 April 2013). "NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander". NASA. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
1 2 "Mars 3 Spacecraft and Subsystems, NSSDCA cat". Retrieved 11 February 2021.
↑ NASA Space Science Data Center, Mars 3 Lander. Retrieved 11 Feb. 2021.
↑ Pyle, Rod (2012). Destination Mars. Prometheus Books. pp. 73–78. ISBN 978-1-61614-589-7. It was the first spacecraft to enter orbit around another world.
↑ "Soviet Mars Images". mentallandscape.com.
↑ "NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive Status - NASA".
↑ "Mars-96". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
↑ "Pathfinder Rover Gets Its Name". 20 December 2017.
↑ "Mars Pathfinder Science Results". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
↑ "Mars Pathfinder Welcome to Mars Sol 86 (1 October 1997) Images". 1 October 1997. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ "Nozomi - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
↑ "Mars Odyssey - NASA Science". 4 December 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2026.
↑ "ESA - Beautiful new images from Rosetta's approach to Mars: OSIRIS UPDATE". Esa.int. 24 February 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
↑ Ray, Kalyan (8 February 2017). "Isro-Mars orbiter mission life extended up to 2020". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ Brown, Dwayne; Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth (21 September 2014). "NASA's Newest Mars Mission Spacecraft Enters Orbit around Red Planet". NASA. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
↑ J. Taveau (3 June 2026). "NASA Says Farewell to MAVEN Mars Mission, Hosts Media Call Today". www.nasa.gov (Press release). NASA. Retrieved 4 June 2026. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
↑ Clark, Stephen (24 May 2017). "Probe into crash of ESA lander recommends more checks on ExoMars descent craft". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
↑ "Weak Simulations, Inadequate Software & Mismanagement caused Schiaparelli Crash Landing". Spaceflight101. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
↑ Chan, Sewell (20 October 2016). "No Signal From Mars Lander, but European Officials Declare Mission a Success". New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
↑ Wall, Mike (21 October 2016). "ExoMars '96 Percent' Successful Despite Lander Crash: ESA". Space.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
↑ "NASA InSight – Dec. 19, 2022 – Mars InSight". blogs.nasa.gov. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
↑ Clark, Stephen (9 March 2016). "InSight Mars lander escapes cancellation, aims for 2018 launch". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
↑ Chang, Kenneth (9 March 2016). "NASA Reschedules Mars InSight Mission for May 2018". New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
↑ "UAE's 'Hope' probe to be first in trio of Mars missions". Phys.Org. 7 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
↑ "UAE's Hope Probe on its Way to Glory". 9 February 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
↑ "The UAE's Hope Probe has successfully entered orbit around Mars". cnn.com. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
↑ "Live coverage: Launch of Emirates Mars Mission rescheduled for Sunday". Spaceflight Now. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
↑ Amos, Jonathan (23 July 2020). "China's Mars rover rockets away from Earth". BBC News. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
↑ "天外送祝福，月圆迎华诞——天问一号以"自拍国旗"祝福祖国71华诞". Weixin Official Accounts Platform. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
↑ "CGNT on twitter". 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021. China's Tianwen-1 probe lands on
↑ "The scientific image map was unveiled, and it was a one-time tour! my country's first Mars exploration mission was a complete success". Retrieved 6 June 2021. The picture of the "touring group photo" shows the rover traveling about 10 meters south of the landing platform, releasing the separate camera installed at the bottom of the vehicle, and then retreating to the vicinity of the landing platform.
↑ "New Year's Day greetings-China National Space Administration releases the images returned by the Tianwen-1 probe". 1 January 2022.
↑ "Nasa Mars rover: Perseverance launches from Florida". BBC News. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
↑ mars.nasa.gov (5 December 2017). "Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
↑ "Mars Helicopter". NASA Mars. Retrieved 30 July 2020. A technology demonstration to test the first powered flight on Mars.
↑ First Flight of the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter: Live from Mission Control. NASA. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021 – via YouTube.
↑ "NASA launches a spacecraft to visit Psyche, an unseen metal world". CNN. 13 October 2023.
↑ "Hera asteroid mission spies Mars's Deimos moon". www.esa.int. Retrieved 10 May 2026.
↑ "Europa Clipper Mission Timeline". 29 April 2025. Retrieved 10 May 2026.
↑ "Mission Design". UC Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
↑ Adler, Mark; Owen, W.; Riedel, J. "Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration (2012)" (PDF). Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ "A Chronology of Mars Exploration". NASA. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ "Viking 1 Orbiter". NASA. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ NASA - This Month in NASA History: Mariner 9, 29 November 2011 – Vol. 4, Issue 9
↑ "JPL". Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
1 2 "ISASニュース 2016.1 No.418" (PDF) (in Japanese). Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
↑ Torishima, Shinya (19 June 2015). "JAXAの「火星の衛星からのサンプル・リターン」計画とは". Mynavi News (in Japanese). Retrieved 6 October 2015.
↑ Davenport, Justin (19 October 2026). "Japanese MMX mission launches to study Martian moons". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 19 October 2026.
1 2 MERLIN: The Creative Choices Behind a Proposal to Explore the Martian Moons (Merlin and PADME info also)
1 2 Michel, P.; Agnolon, D.; Brucato, J.; Gondet, B.; Korablev, O.; Koschny, D.; Schmitz, N.; Willner, K.; Zacharov, A. (2 October 2011). "MMSR - a study for a Martian Moon Sample Return mission". Astrophysics Data System. 2011: 849. Bibcode:2011epsc.conf..849M. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ Elifritz, T.L. "OSIRIS-REx II to Mars - Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos - A Mars Mission Proposal" (PDF). Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
1 2 Elifritz, T.L (2012). "OSIRIS-REx II to Mars — Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos". Astrophysics Data System. 1679: 4017. Bibcode:2012LPICo1679.4017E. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ Larry Page Deep Space Exploration - Stepping Stones builds up to "Red Rocks : Explore Mars from Deimos"
↑ David, Leonard (20 April 2011). "One Possible Small Step Toward Mars Landing: A Martian Moon". Space.com. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ "ALADDIN: PHOBOS-DEIMOS SAMPLE RETURN" (PDF). Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ DePhine: The Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer. (PDF) Jurgen Oberst, Kai Wickhusen, Konrad Willner, Klaus Gwinner, Sofya Spiridonova, Ralph Kahle, Andrew Coates, Alain Herique, Dirk Plettemeier, Marina Dıaz-Michelena, Alexander Zakharo, Yoshifumi Futaana, Martin Patzold, Pascal Rosenblatt, David J. Lawrence, Valery Lainey, Alison Gibbings, Ingo Gerth. Advances in Space Research. Volume 62, Issue 8. pp: 2220-2238. 15 October 2018. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.12.028
↑ Renton, D.C (26 April 2005). "SMALL BODY SAMPLE RETURN TO DEIMOS". ESA. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ Britt, D. "The Gulliver Mission: Sample Return from Deimos" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ "P. Lee, et al. - Hall: A Phobos and Deimos Sample Return Mission" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2012.
↑ Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander (Ball, Andrew J.; Price, Michael E.; Walker, Roger J.; Dando, Glyn C.; Wells, Nigel S. and Zarnecki, John C. (2009). Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander. Advances in Space Research, 43(1), pp. 120–127.)
↑ Murchie, S.; Eng, D.; Chabot, N.; Guo, Y.; Arvidson, R.; Yen, A.; Trebi-Ollennu, A.; Seelos, F.; Adams, E.; Fountain, G. (2014). "MERLIN: Mars-Moon Exploration, Reconnaissance and Landed Investigation". Acta Astronautica. 93: 475–482. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..475M. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.10.014.
↑ PCROSS, Phobos Close Rendevous [sic] Observation Sensing Satellite, Colaprete, A, et al.
↑ Fischer, Maria (16 January 2013). "Mothership and her Hedgehogs: New Concept for Exploring Phobos". Space Safety Magazine. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ "PRIME" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2008.
↑ Pultarova, Tereza (22 October 2012). "Phobos-Grunt 2 Bound for Launch in 2020, Russians Confirmed While Celebrating Sputnik". Space Safety Magazine. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ Barraclough, Simon; Ratcliffe, Andrew; Buchwald, Robert; Scheer, Heloise; Chapuy, Marc; Garland, Martin (16 June 2014). Phootprint: A European Phobos Sample Return Mission (PDF). 11th International Planetary Probe Workshop. Airbus Defense and Space. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
↑ Koschny, Detlef; Svedhem, Håkan; Rebuffat, Denis (2 August 2014). "Phootprint - A Phobos sample return mission study". ESA. 40: B0.4–9–14. Bibcode:2014cosp...40E1592K.
↑ Lee, Pascal; Bicay, Michael; Colapre, Anthony; Elphic, Richard (17–21 March 2014). Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment (PADME): A LADEE-Derived Mission to Explore Mars's Moons and the Martian Orbital Environment (PDF). 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014).
↑ Reyes, Tim (1 October 2014). "Making the Case for a Mission to the Martian Moon Phobos". Universe Today. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
↑ https://www.nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/8226/
↑ Jones, Andrew (20 June 2022). "China aims to bring Mars samples to Earth 2 years before NASA, ESA mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
↑ "Unmanned helicopter likely to join India's second space odyssey to Mars". rfi. 5 March 2024.
↑ "NASA Unveils Initiatives to Achieve America's National Space Policy - NASA".
↑ 惑星資源探査⼩型テラヘルツ探査機 (PDF) (in Japanese). National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
↑ "Russia may launch mission to deliver soil from Mars moon after 2030". TASS. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
↑ "M-MATISSE Workshop - The Mission". sites.google.com.
↑ "Final three for ESA's next medium science mission". ESA. 8 November 2023.
↑ Советский грунт с Марса (in Russian). novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru Archived 26 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine
↑ C. Tarrieu, "Status of the Mars 96 Aerostat Development", Paper IAF-93-Q.3.399, 44th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, 1993.
↑ P.B. de Selding, "Planned French Balloon May Be Dropped", Space News, 17–23 April 1995, pp. 1, 20
↑ "Mars Together Update". nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
↑ "Mars Together: An Update". nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
↑ "Mars-98". epizodsspace.airbase.ru.
↑ Oliver Morton in To Mars, En Masse, pp. 1103–04, Science (Magazine) vol. 283, 19 February 1999, ISSN 0036-8075
↑ MIT Mars Airplane Project. Marsnews.com. Retrieved on 14 August 2012.
↑ O'Rourke, Joseph (9 September 2014). "Instruments selected for Mars 2020, NASA's latest rover". Astrobites.org. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
↑ Exploring Mars: Blowing in the Wind? Archived 16 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine Jpl.nasa.gov (10 August 2001). Retrieved on 2012-08-14.
↑ Stephen, Clark (3 March 2015). "NASA eyes ion engines for Mars orbiter launching in 2022". Space Flight Now. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
↑ "NASA's Mars Sample Return mission is dead". www.science.org.
↑ Foust, Jeff (24 May 2023). "Impulse and Relativity target 2026 for launch of first Mars lander mission". SPACENEWS. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
↑ Foust, Jeff (28 March 2022). "White House requests $26 billion for NASA for 2023". spacenews.com. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
↑ Ammannito, Eleonora; Amoroso, Marilena; Flamini, Enrico; Viotti, Michelle A.; Mugnuolo, Raffaele; Haltigin, Timothy; Boulais, Etienne; Lafrance, Sebastien; Usui, Tomohiro; Baker, David M. Hollibaugh; Davis, Richard M.; Kelley, Michael S.; Collom, Robert B. (3 July 2024). "International Mars Ice Mapper Mission: The combined scientific potential of Synthetic Aperture Radar, Very High Frequency (VHF) Sounding, Submillimeter Sounding, and High-Resolution Imaging for Climatology, Geology, Habitability and Human Exploration". European Planetary Science Congress. Bibcode:2024EPSC...17.1074A. doi:10.5194/epsc2024-1074 – via meetingorganizer.copernicus.org.
↑ "Mars Life Explorer" (PDF). NASA. 2021.
↑ Rizzo, Gabriella; Spacek, Jan (2025). "Enhancing Mars Life Explorer (MLE) with True Agnostic Life Detection Capabilities". arXiv:2507.16866 [astro-ph.IM].
↑ "NASA's Mars Life Explorer mission would dig deep to hunt for Red Planet life". Space.com. 11 July 2022.

[81] While Beagle 2 had landed intact, it failed to establish communication.

[rusweb-1] "Russia's unmanned missions to Mars". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[chrono-2] Chronology of Mars Exploration. NASA. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.

[mariner6-3] "Mariner 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[researchgate_chronology-4] 1 2 3 "Chronology of Mars Missions". ResearchGate. doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.29797.65768. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018.

[mariner7-5] "Mariner 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[Smith_2017-6] 1 2 3 Smith, Kiona N. (30 May 2017). "The Mariner 9 Spacecraft And The Race To Orbit Mars". Forbes. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

[NSSDC_Mars-2-7] "NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive Status - NASA". Retrieved 8 March 2026.

[coord-8] "Missions to Mars". The Planetary Society.

[9] "Mars 3 Lander". NASA. Mars 3 was the first spacecraft to make a successful soft landing on Mars.

[10] "The First Rover on Mars - The Soviets Did It in 1971". Planetary Society. The Mars 2 and 3 rover, which landed on Mars in 1971.

[Perminov1-11] 1 2 Perminov, V.G. (July 1999). The Difficult Road to Mars - A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union. NASA Headquarters History Division. pp. 34–60. ISBN 0-16-058859-6.

[NASA-20130411-12] Webster, Guy (11 April 2013). "NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander". NASA. Retrieved 12 April 2013.

[:1-13] 1 2 "Mars 3 Spacecraft and Subsystems, NSSDCA cat". Retrieved 11 February 2021.

[NSSDC_Mars-3:-14] NASA Space Science Data Center, Mars 3 Lander. Retrieved 11 Feb. 2021.

[Pyle2012-M9-15] Pyle, Rod (2012). Destination Mars. Prometheus Books. pp. 73–78. ISBN 978-1-61614-589-7. It was the first spacecraft to enter orbit around another world.

[16] "Soviet Mars Images". mentallandscape.com.

[17] "NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive Status - NASA".

[18] "Mars-96". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 9 March 2026.

[name-19] "Pathfinder Rover Gets Its Name". 20 December 2017.

[20] "Mars Pathfinder Science Results". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2015.

[sol86-21] "Mars Pathfinder Welcome to Mars Sol 86 (1 October 1997) Images". 1 October 1997. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[22] "Nozomi - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2024.

[23] "Mars Odyssey - NASA Science". 4 December 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2026.

[mars-24] "ESA - Beautiful new images from Rosetta's approach to Mars: OSIRIS UPDATE". Esa.int. 24 February 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2012.

[25] Ray, Kalyan (8 February 2017). "Isro-Mars orbiter mission life extended up to 2020". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[NASA-20140921-26] Brown, Dwayne; Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth (21 September 2014). "NASA's Newest Mars Mission Spacecraft Enters Orbit around Red Planet". NASA. Retrieved 22 September 2014.

[NASA-20260603-27] J. Taveau (3 June 2026). "NASA Says Farewell to MAVEN Mars Mission, Hosts Media Call Today". www.nasa.gov (Press release). NASA. Retrieved 4 June 2026. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[exomars-failure-review-28] Clark, Stephen (24 May 2017). "Probe into crash of ESA lander recommends more checks on ExoMars descent craft". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 21 November 2018.

[spaceflight101-exomars-29] "Weak Simulations, Inadequate Software & Mismanagement caused Schiaparelli Crash Landing". Spaceflight101. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2018.

[NYT-20161020-30] Chan, Sewell (20 October 2016). "No Signal From Mars Lander, but European Officials Declare Mission a Success". New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2016.

[space.com34471-31] Wall, Mike (21 October 2016). "ExoMars '96 Percent' Successful Despite Lander Crash: ESA". Space.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.

[32] "NASA InSight – Dec. 19, 2022 – Mars InSight". blogs.nasa.gov. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.

[Reprieve-33] Clark, Stephen (9 March 2016). "InSight Mars lander escapes cancellation, aims for 2018 launch". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 9 March 2016.

[NYT_20160309-kc-34] Chang, Kenneth (9 March 2016). "NASA Reschedules Mars InSight Mission for May 2018". New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2016.

[PHYSORG20210207-35] "UAE's 'Hope' probe to be first in trio of Mars missions". Phys.Org. 7 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.

[36] "UAE's Hope Probe on its Way to Glory". 9 February 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.

[CNNCOM20210209-37] "The UAE's Hope Probe has successfully entered orbit around Mars". cnn.com. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.

[SFN20200714-38] "Live coverage: Launch of Emirates Mars Mission rescheduled for Sunday". Spaceflight Now. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.

[BBC23July2020-39] Amos, Jonathan (23 July 2020). "China's Mars rover rockets away from Earth". BBC News. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

[40] "天外送祝福，月圆迎华诞——天问一号以"自拍国旗"祝福祖国71华诞". Weixin Official Accounts Platform. Retrieved 1 October 2020.

[41] "CGNT on twitter". 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021. China's Tianwen-1 probe lands on

[42] "The scientific image map was unveiled, and it was a one-time tour! my country's first Mars exploration mission was a complete success". Retrieved 6 June 2021. The picture of the "touring group photo" shows the rover traveling about 10 meters south of the landing platform, releasing the separate camera installed at the bottom of the vehicle, and then retreating to the vicinity of the landing platform.

[43] "New Year's Day greetings-China National Space Administration releases the images returned by the Tianwen-1 probe". 1 January 2022.

[44] "Nasa Mars rover: Perseverance launches from Florida". BBC News. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.

[45] rs.nasa.gov (5 December 2017). "Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved 30 July 2020.

[helicopter-46] "Mars Helicopter". NASA Mars. Retrieved 30 July 2020. A technology demonstration to test the first powered flight on Mars.

[Ginny-flight-47] First Flight of the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter: Live from Mission Control. NASA. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021 – via YouTube.

[48] "NASA launches a spacecraft to visit Psyche, an unseen metal world". CNN. 13 October 2023.

[49] "Hera asteroid mission spies Mars's Deimos moon". www.esa.int. Retrieved 10 May 2026.

[50] "Europa Clipper Mission Timeline". 29 April 2025. Retrieved 10 May 2026.

[51] "Mission Design". UC Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 14 February 2026.

[52] Adler, Mark; Owen, W.; Riedel, J. "Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration (2012)" (PDF). Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[53] "A Chronology of Mars Exploration". NASA. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[54] "Viking 1 Orbiter". NASA. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[55] NASA - This Month in NASA History: Mariner 9, 29 November 2011 – Vol. 4, Issue 9

[56] "JPL". Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

[MMX-57] 1 2 "ISASニュース 2016.1 No.418" (PDF) (in Japanese). Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.

[58] Torishima, Shinya (19 June 2015). "JAXAの「火星の衛星からのサンプル・リターン」計画とは". Mynavi News (in Japanese). Retrieved 6 October 2015.

[59] Davenport, Justin (19 October 2026). "Japanese MMX mission launches to study Martian moons". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 19 October 2026.

[tps-60] 1 2 MERLIN: The Creative Choices Behind a Proposal to Explore the Martian Moons (Merlin and PADME info also)

[adsabs.harvard.edu-61] 1 2 Michel, P.; Agnolon, D.; Brucato, J.; Gondet, B.; Korablev, O.; Koschny, D.; Schmitz, N.; Willner, K.; Zacharov, A. (2 October 2011). "MMSR - a study for a Martian Moon Sample Return mission". Astrophysics Data System. 2011: 849. Bibcode:2011epsc.conf..849M. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[62] Elifritz, T.L. "OSIRIS-REx II to Mars - Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos - A Mars Mission Proposal" (PDF). Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[:2-63] 1 2 Elifritz, T.L (2012). "OSIRIS-REx II to Mars — Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos". Astrophysics Data System. 1679: 4017. Bibcode:2012LPICo1679.4017E. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[footstepstomars-64] Larry Page Deep Space Exploration - Stepping Stones builds up to "Red Rocks : Explore Mars from Deimos"

[65] David, Leonard (20 April 2011). "One Possible Small Step Toward Mars Landing: A Martian Moon". Space.com. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[66] "ALADDIN: PHOBOS-DEIMOS SAMPLE RETURN" (PDF). Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[Proposal_2016-67] DePhine: The Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer. (PDF) Jurgen Oberst, Kai Wickhusen, Konrad Willner, Klaus Gwinner, Sofya Spiridonova, Ralph Kahle, Andrew Coates, Alain Herique, Dirk Plettemeier, Marina Dıaz-Michelena, Alexander Zakharo, Yoshifumi Futaana, Martin Patzold, Pascal Rosenblatt, David J. Lawrence, Valery Lainey, Alison Gibbings, Ingo Gerth. Advances in Space Research. Volume 62, Issue 8. pp: 2220-2238. 15 October 2018. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.12.028

[68] Renton, D.C (26 April 2005). "SMALL BODY SAMPLE RETURN TO DEIMOS". ESA. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[69] Britt, D. "The Gulliver Mission: Sample Return from Deimos" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[70] "P. Lee, et al. - Hall: A Phobos and Deimos Sample Return Mission" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2012.

[71] Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander (Ball, Andrew J.; Price, Michael E.; Walker, Roger J.; Dando, Glyn C.; Wells, Nigel S. and Zarnecki, John C. (2009). Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander. Advances in Space Research, 43(1), pp. 120–127.)

[72] Murchie, S.; Eng, D.; Chabot, N.; Guo, Y.; Arvidson, R.; Yen, A.; Trebi-Ollennu, A.; Seelos, F.; Adams, E.; Fountain, G. (2014). "MERLIN: Mars-Moon Exploration, Reconnaissance and Landed Investigation". Acta Astronautica. 93: 475–482. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..475M. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.10.014.

[73] PCROSS, Phobos Close Rendevous [sic] Observation Sensing Satellite, Colaprete, A, et al.

[74] Fischer, Maria (16 January 2013). "Mothership and her Hedgehogs: New Concept for Exploring Phobos". Space Safety Magazine. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[75] "PRIME" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2008.

[76] Pultarova, Tereza (22 October 2012). "Phobos-Grunt 2 Bound for Launch in 2020, Russians Confirmed While Celebrating Sputnik". Space Safety Magazine. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[Airbus_2014-77] Barraclough, Simon; Ratcliffe, Andrew; Buchwald, Robert; Scheer, Heloise; Chapuy, Marc; Garland, Martin (16 June 2014). Phootprint: A European Phobos Sample Return Mission (PDF). 11th International Planetary Probe Workshop. Airbus Defense and Space. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2015.

[COSPAR_2014-78] Koschny, Detlef; Svedhem, Håkan; Rebuffat, Denis (2 August 2014). "Phootprint - A Phobos sample return mission study". ESA. 40: B0.4–9–14. Bibcode:2014cosp...40E1592K.

[lpsc_2014-79] Lee, Pascal; Bicay, Michael; Colapre, Anthony; Elphic, Richard (17–21 March 2014). Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment (PADME): A LADEE-Derived Mission to Explore Mars's Moons and the Martian Orbital Environment (PDF). 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014).

[Reyes_2014-80] Reyes, Tim (1 October 2014). "Making the Case for a Mission to the Martian Moon Phobos". Universe Today. Retrieved 5 October 2014.

[82] ttps://www.nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/8226/

[83] Jones, Andrew (20 June 2022). "China aims to bring Mars samples to Earth 2 years before NASA, ESA mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 5 September 2024.

[84] "Unmanned helicopter likely to join India's second space odyssey to Mars". rfi. 5 March 2024.

[85] "NASA Unveils Initiatives to Achieve America's National Space Policy - NASA".

[86] 惑星資源探査⼩型テラヘルツ探査機 (PDF) (in Japanese). National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.

[tass-20230902-87] "Russia may launch mission to deliver soil from Mars moon after 2030". TASS. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

[88] "M-MATISSE Workshop - The Mission". sites.google.com.

[89] "Final three for ESA's next medium science mission". ESA. 8 November 2023.

[90] Советский грунт с Марса (in Russian). novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru Archived 26 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine

[91] C. Tarrieu, "Status of the Mars 96 Aerostat Development", Paper IAF-93-Q.3.399, 44th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, 1993.

[92] P.B. de Selding, "Planned French Balloon May Be Dropped", Space News, 17–23 April 1995, pp. 1, 20

[93] "Mars Together Update". nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 February 2017.

[94] "Mars Together: An Update". nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 February 2017.

[95] "Mars-98". epizodsspace.airbase.ru.

[96] Oliver Morton in To Mars, En Masse, pp. 1103–04, Science (Magazine) vol. 283, 19 February 1999, ISSN 0036-8075

[97] MIT Mars Airplane Project. Marsnews.com. Retrieved on 14 August 2012.

[98] O'Rourke, Joseph (9 September 2014). "Instruments selected for Mars 2020, NASA's latest rover". Astrobites.org. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[99] Exploring Mars: Blowing in the Wind? Archived 16 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine Jpl.nasa.gov (10 August 2001). Retrieved on 2012-08-14.

[100] Stephen, Clark (3 March 2015). "NASA eyes ion engines for Mars orbiter launching in 2022". Space Flight Now. Retrieved 5 March 2015.

[101] "NASA's Mars Sample Return mission is dead". www.science.org.

[102] Foust, Jeff (24 May 2023). "Impulse and Relativity target 2026 for launch of first Mars lander mission". SPACENEWS. Retrieved 27 January 2024.

[IceMapper-103] Foust, Jeff (28 March 2022). "White House requests $26 billion for NASA for 2023". spacenews.com. Retrieved 1 April 2022.

[104] Ammannito, Eleonora; Amoroso, Marilena; Flamini, Enrico; Viotti, Michelle A.; Mugnuolo, Raffaele; Haltigin, Timothy; Boulais, Etienne; Lafrance, Sebastien; Usui, Tomohiro; Baker, David M. Hollibaugh; Davis, Richard M.; Kelley, Michael S.; Collom, Robert B. (3 July 2024). "International Mars Ice Mapper Mission: The combined scientific potential of Synthetic Aperture Radar, Very High Frequency (VHF) Sounding, Submillimeter Sounding, and High-Resolution Imaging for Climatology, Geology, Habitability and Human Exploration". European Planetary Science Congress. Bibcode:2024EPSC...17.1074A. doi:10.5194/epsc2024-1074 – via meetingorganizer.copernicus.org.

[105] "Mars Life Explorer" (PDF). NASA. 2021.

[106] Rizzo, Gabriella; Spacek, Jan (2025). "Enhancing Mars Life Explorer (MLE) with True Agnostic Life Detection Capabilities". arXiv:2507.16866 [astro-ph.IM].

[107] "NASA's Mars Life Explorer mission would dig deep to hunt for Red Planet life". Space.com. 11 July 2022.

v t e Space missions by destination
Planets	Mercury Venus Mars Outer planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Others	The Sun The Moon lunar probes Minor planets Comets
Orbiters	Extraterrestrial orbiters Mars orbiters Objects in heliocentric orbit