Gastropod classification

This overview lists proposed changes in the taxonomy of gastropods at the family level and above. There have been many changes in the way various groups of snails and slugs are classified.

Changes in subfamilies are outlined in the respective articles about each particular family. Unchanged taxa are not listed here.

In one of the largest recent changes (affecting the most species of gastropods), Klussmann-Kolb et al. (2008) showed that the traditional classification of the Euthyneura needed to be reconsidered. The change was subsequently made by Jörger et al. (2010), who redefined the major groups within the Heterobranchia.

A great number of major changes have been made within the classification of the Conoidea since 2011.

Significant taxonomies

Systems of classification are primarily of value to malacologists (people who study mollusks) and other biologists. Biological classification schemes are not merely a convenience, they are an attempt to show the actual phylogeny (the evolutionary relatedness) within a group of organisms. Thus, a taxonomy can be seen as an attempt to elucidate part of the tree of life, a phylogenetic tree.

Gastropods are a taxonomic class of animals which consists of snails and slugs of every kind, from the land, from freshwater, and from saltwater.

Ponder & Lindberg, 1997

Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters. was published by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997.

This taxonomy assigns the various Gastropods into ranked categories, such as sub-orders and families, but does not address the classification of genera or individual species. This classification scheme is based on the molluscs' internal and external shapes and forms, but did not take into account any analysis of their DNA or RNA.

Ponder & Lindberg (1997) used only four families to analyze the Euthyneura. Further work by Dayrat & Tillier (2002) provided a great deal of detail about the relationships between within the Euthyneura.

Ponder & Lindberg (1997) did not use Linnean taxonomical ranks in their work, but the results of their paper were widely adapted and used with Linnean taxonomical ranks by other authors.

Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797
Incertæ sedis

Subclass Eogastropoda Ponder & David R. Lindberg, 1996 (earlier: Prosobranchia)

Live limpets in the intertidal zone in Cornwall, England.

Subclass Orthogastropoda Ponder & David R. Lindberg, 1996 (earlier Prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia)
Incertæ sedis

Superorder Cocculiniformia Haszprunar, 1987

Superorder "Hot Vent Taxa" Ponder & David R. Lindberg, 1997

Superorder Vetigastropoda Salvini-Plawen, 1989 (limpets)

The shell of an archaeogastropod from the Pliocene of Cyprus. A serpulid worm is attached.

Superorder Neritaemorphi Koken, 1896

Superorder Caenogastropoda Cox, 1960

Superorder Heterobranchia J.E. Gray, 1840

Cochlodina laminata from the family Clausiliidae or door snails, a small land pulmonate which has a sinistral or left-handed shell, on the trunk of a tree, in woodland, England

Other extant classes of the Mollusca are Bivalvia, Scaphopoda, Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora and Cephalopoda.

Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005

Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi published their revised taxonomy in 2005. The system encompasses both living and extinct groups, as well as some fossils whose classification as gastropods is uncertain. This taxnomy was laid out in a book-length paper entitled "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families", which was published in the journal Malacologia and which was written in collaboration with J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés and A. Warén.

The Bouchet & Rocroi system was the first complete gastropod taxonomy that primarily employed the concept of clades, and was derived from research on molecular phylogenetics; in this context a clade is a "natural grouping" of organisms based upon a statistical cluster analysis. Higher taxa are expressed as unranked clades where known, and termed "informal groups" or groups" where monophyly (a single lineage) has not yet been determined, and where polyphyly (more than one lineage) is suspected. Clades are used between the rank of class and the rank of superfamily. The clades are unranked.

The taxonomy thus is an attempt to get one step closer to representing this part of the evolutionary history of the phylum Mollusca. Bouchet & Rocroi's classification system is a hybrid of the pre-existing, more traditional Linnaean taxonomy along with some more recent far-reaching revisions which are based on molecular work and use clades as taxa, (see cladistics).

The 2005 taxonomy differs from the 1997 taxonomy and other previous taxonomic schemes primarily in that they relied on morphological features to classify these animals, and used taxon ranks such as order, superorder and suborder, which are typical of classifications that are still inspired by Linnaean taxonomy. Morphological characteristics include shell characteristics (including the protoconch) in shelled species, and the internal anatomy, including the structure of the radula and details of the reproductive system. Recent advances are based more on the molecular characteristics of the DNA and RNA. This shift in emphasis has meant that the newer taxa and their hierarchy are subject to debate, a debate that is not likely to be resolved soon.

This proposed classification has tried to integrate the results of recent molecular work by using unranked clades for taxa below the traditional rank of class (class Gastropoda) but above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks subclass, superorder, order, and suborder), while still using the traditional Linnaean ranks for superfamilies and all taxa below the rank of superfamily (i.e., family, subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus, and species. The clades have been given names which are similar to, or in some cases the same as, traditional Linnaean names for taxa above the level of superfamily. Whenever monophyly (a single ancestry) has not yet been tested and confirmed, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has already been discovered to be paraphyletic (that it excludes some of its descendants) the term "group" or "informal group" has been used. Both Linnaean taxa and clades are invalid if it turns out they are polyphyletic, in other words if they consist of more than one lineage.

Bouchet and Rocroi use six main clades: Patellogastropoda, Vetigastropoda, Cocculiniformia, Neritimorpha, Caenogastropoda, and Heterobranchia. The first three of these major clades have no nesting clades within them: the taxonomy goes immediately to the superfamily level. Within the Caenogastropoda there is one extra clade. In contrast, within the Heterobranchia, for some of the nudibranch groups there are six separate clades above the level of superfamily, and in the case of most of the land snails, there are four clades above the level of superfamily.

In some parts of the taxonomy, instead of "clade", Bouchet and Rocroi labelled groupings of taxa as a "group" or an "informal group". A clade must by definition contain only one lineage, and it was considered to be the case that these "informal groups" may either contain more than one lineage, or only contain part of a lineage. Further research will eventually resolve these questions.

In this taxonomy 611 valid families are recognized. Of these, 202 families are exclusively fossil, and this is indicated here with a dagger †. Superfamily names are standardized so that they all end in the suffix "-oidea", also commonly used for superorders and subclasses, replacing the "-acea" ending found especially in the older literature. Classification of families into subfamilies however is often not well resolved, and should be regarded as the best possible hypothesis.

The publication Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) also includes a nomenclator of about 2400 suprageneric taxa (taxa above the level of genus) of gastropods, from the subtribe to the superfamily. A full bibliographic reference is provided for each taxon, giving the name of the authority, the original publication, the date of that publication, the type genus for the taxon, its nomenclatural status, and its validity under the rules of the ICZN.

The provisional taxonomy in the form of a cladogram (an evolutionary tree of descent).

† Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain systematic position

† Basal taxa that are certainly Gastropoda

Patellogastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Cocculiniformia

Neritimorpha

† Paleozoic Neritimorpha of uncertain systematic position

† Cyrtoneritimorpha

Cycloneritimorpha

 Caenogastropoda 

Caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position

Architaenioglossa

Sorbeoconcha

 Hypsogastropoda 
Heterobranchia

The list format used below makes clear which taxa are informal groups rather than clades:

Bouchet et al., 2017

In December 2017, "Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families" was published in the journal Malacologia (available online from 4 January 2018) by Philippe Bouchet & Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong in Malacologia, 2017, 61(1–2): 1–526. The authors have reverted to adopting the traditional ranks above superfamily: order, subclass, as this was preferred by many users. The same work also included the taxonomy of monoplacophorans. The work addresses the revision of family-level classification of gastropods, the standardization of nomenclature, and the designation or clarification of type taxa in accordance with international zoological rules (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature).

In response to the increasing use of online taxonomic databases, as well as user feedback expressing a preference for traditional hierarchical ranks (such as suborder, order, and subclass), this work reintroduces the use of formal taxonomic ranks above the level of superfamily, instead of employing terms such as "clade" and "informal group" as was done in the 2005 work.

Its main objectives include:

Methods used in this work include:

The results provide a reference framework for future taxonomic and biological research. This publication functions more as a taxonomic standard and a reference work, than a "hypothesis" that someone reviews in a single article.

There are altogether 721 gastropod families, that includes 245 exclusively fossil families and 476 recent families (with or without a fossil record).

Bouchet et al., 2017 is widely cited in taxonomic malacological publications and as of April 2026, it was cited by hundreds of works: by 541 works according CrossRef and by 943 works according Google Scholar.

The following cladogram shows a summary of the new gastropod taxonomy, according to the work's Contents section:

Current taxonomy

As of 2026, Bouchet et al., 2017 is still considered as "the most recent classification of fossil and living gastropods". It can be valid and up to date at least for some suprageneric taxa in 2026, while for some other families of gastropods researchers uses MolluscaBase (MolluscaBase.org) and World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). These two online constantly updated taxonomic databases are also commonly used for taxonomy of gastropods at generic and species level.

†Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain position within Gastropoda or Monoplacophora

(Unassigned to Superfamily)

†Superfamily Archinacelloidea Knight, 1952

†Subclass Amphigastropoda

†Order Bellerophontida

†Superfamily Bellerophontoidea McCoy, 1852

†Subclass Archaeobranchia

†Order Pelagiellida

†Superfamily Pelagielloidea Knight, 1956 (=Orthostrophina)

†Order Helcionellida

†Superfamily Scenelloidea S. A. Miller, 1889

†Superfamily Yochelcionelloidea Runnegar & Jell, 1976

†Paleozoic basal taxa that are certainly Gastropoda

(Unassigned to Superfamily)

†Superfamily Clisospiroidea S. A. Miller, 1889 (=Mimospirina)

†Superfamily Euomphaloidea White, 1877

†Superfamily Loxonematoidea Koken, 1889

†Superfamily Macluritoidea Carpenter, 1861

†Superfamily Ophiletoidea Koken, 1907

†Superfamily Oriostomatoidea Koken, 1896

†Superfamily Palaeotrochoidea† Knight, 1956

†Superfamily Trochonematoidea Zittel, 1895

Subclass Patellogastropoda

Order Patellida

A group of live Patella vulgata, true limpets (common name for Patellogastropoda), on a rock in Wales

Superfamily Eoacmaeoidea Nakano & Ozawa, 2007

Superfamily Patelloidea Rafinesque, 1815

Superfamily Lottioidea Gray, 1840

Subclass Neomphaliones

Order Neomphalida

The scaly-foot snail, Chrysomallon squamiferum, a member of Peltospiridae, order Neomphalida

Superfamily Neomphaloidea McLean, 1981

Order Cocculinida

Superfamily Cocculinoidea Dall, 1882

Subclass Vetigastropoda

†Paleozoic taxa of uncertain position

Order Pleurotomariida

Shell of Perotrochus atlanticus, a member of Pleurotomariidae, the only extant family of order Pleurotomariida

†Superfamily Eotomarioidea Wenz, 1938

†Superfamily Murchisonioidea Koken, 1896

Superfamily Pleurotomarioidea Swainson, 1840

†Superfamily Porcellioidea Koken, 1895

†Superfamily Pseudophoroidea S. A. Miller, 1889

†Superfamily Ptychomphaloidea Wenz, 1938

†Superfamily Schizogonioidea Cox, 1960

†Superfamily Sinuspiroidea Mazaev, 2011

Order Seguenziida

Superfamily Seguenzioidea Verrill, 1884

Order Lepetellida

Superfamily Lepetelloidea Dall, 1882

Superfamily Fissurelloidea Fleming, 1822

Superfamily Haliotoidea Rafinesque, 1815

Superfamily Lepetodriloidea McLean, 1988

Superfamily Scissurelloidea Gray, 1847

Order Trochida

Superfamily Trochoidea Rafinesque, 1815

Subclass Neritimorpha

†Paleozoic taxa of uncertain position

†Superfamily Nerrhenoidea Bandel & Heidelberger, 2001

†Superfamily Platyceratoidea Hall, 1879

†Order Cyrtoneritida

Order Cycloneritida

Superfamily Helicinoidea

Superfamily Hydrocenoidea

†Superfamily Naticopsoidea

Superfamily Neritoidea

Superfamily Neritopsoidea

†Superfamily Symmetrocapuloidea

Subclass Caenogastropoda

†Fossil taxa of uncertain position

Unassigned to Superfamily

†Superfamily Dendropupoidea

†Superfamily Peruneloidea

†Superfamily Subulitoidea

Grade Architaenioglossa

Superfamily Ampullarioidea

Superfamily Cyclophoroidea

Superfamily Viviparoidea

Cohort Sorbeoconcha

Unassigned to Superfamily

†Superfamily Acteoninoidea

†Superfamily Orthonematoidea

†Superfamily Palaeostyloidea

†Superfamily Pseudozygopleuroidea

†Superfamily Soleniscoidea

Subcohort Campanilimorpha

Superfamily Campaniloidea

Subcohort Cerithiimorpha

Taxa of uncertain position

Subcohort Hypsogastropoda
"Rissoiform clade"
Superorder Latrogastropoda

Subclass Heterobranchia

†Fossil taxa of uncertain position

Grade "Lower Heterobranchia"

Infraclass Euthyneura

Taxa of uncertain position
Cohort Acteonimorpha
Cohort Ringipleura
Subcohort Ringiculimorpha
Subcohort Nudipleura
Cohort Tectipleura
Subcohort Euopisthobranchia
Subcohort Panpulmonata

Changes within specific taxa

Helcionelloida (not gastropods)

It has become clear that the fossil taxon Helcionelloida does not belong to the class Gastropoda; it is now a separate class within the Mollusca. P. Yu. Parkhaev (2006, 2007) created the class Helcionelloida, whose members were previously treated as "Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain systematic position" sensu Bouchet & Rocroi.

Subclass Archaeobranchia Parkhaev, 2001

Subclass Divasibranchia Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975

Subclass Dextrobranchia Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975

Patellogastropoda

This revised taxonomy of the Patellogastropoda (the true limpets) is based on research by Nakano & Ozawa (2007). The Acmaeidae is treated as a synonym of Lottiidae; the subfamily Pectinodontinae is elevated to Pectinodontidae; a new family Eoacmaeidae with the new type genus Eoacmaea is established. The remaining three families (Neolepetopsidae, Daminilidae, Lepetopsidae) are moved into the Lottioidea, like this:

Vetigastropoda

Geiger (2009) elevated the subfamily Depressizoninae to family level as Depressizonidae. Also two subfamilies (the Larocheinae from the Scissurellidae, and the Temnocinclinae from the Sutilizonidae) were upgraded to family level as the Larocheidae and the Temnocinclidae.

The superfamily Trochoidea was redefined by Williams et al. (2008) and the superfamily Turbinoidea is no longer used. Phasianelloidea and Angarioidea were created as new superfamilies.

Trochoidea

Phasianelloidea

Angarioidea

Neomphalina

The superfamily Neomphaloidea was previously regarded as belonging within the clade Vetigastropoda. Molecular phylogeny has shown however that it belongs in its own clade, Neomphalina, which is endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vent habitat. The clade Neomphalina appears to be basal to the Vetigastropoda. Neomphalina is a monophyletic clade, however, its exact relationship among the gastropods is uncertain.

Neritimorpha

Bandel (2007) described four new families within the Neritopsoidea. He classified Neritopsoidea in the order Neritoina within the superorder Cycloneritimorpha and within the subclass Neritimorpha. Bandel (2007) recognizes Natisopsinae (in Neritopsidae by Bouchet & Rocrois 2005) at the family level, as Naticopsidae. Bandel's classification looks like this:

superfamily Neritopsoidea

Caenogastropoda

The family Provannidae was moved to the superfamily Abyssochrysoidea Tomlin, 1927. In addition, a new family Hokkaidoconchidae Kaim, Jenkins & Warén, 2008 was named.

The subfamily Semisulcospirinae, within the Pleuroceridae, was elevated to the family level Semisulcospiridae by Strong & Köhler (2009).

Bandel (2006) made numerous changes in the following clades: Cerithimorpha/Cerithioidea, Turritellimorpha/Turritelloidea, Murchisonimorpha/Orthonematoidea, Campanilimorpha/Campaniloidea and Ampullinoidea, Vermetimorpha/Vermetoidea.

Fehse (2007) elevated both the subfamily Pediculariinae and the tribe Eocypraeini (which were previously in the family Ovulidae) to family level, based on both morphological research and molecular phylogeny research. Families within Cypraeoidea are now as follows:

Within the Tonnoidea, Beu (2008) raised the subfamily Cassinae to the rank of family: Cassidae Latreille, 1825.

Bouchet et al. (2011) updated the taxonomy of the superfamily Conoidea:

In 2012, within the Conoidea, a new family Bouchetispiridae Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012 that includes one genus Bouchetispira Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012 and one species Bouchetispira vitrea Kantor, Strong & Puillandre, 2012, was discovered.

In 2015, in the Journal of Molluscan Studies, Puillandre, Duda, Meyer, Olivera & Bouchet presented a new classification for the old genus Conus. Using 329 species, the authors carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses. The results suggested that the authors should place all cone snails in a single family, Conidae, containing four genera: Conus, Conasprella, Profundiconus and Californiconus. The authors group 85% of all known cone snail species under Conus, They recognize 57 subgenera within Conus, and 11 subgenera within the genus Conasprella. .

Heterobranchia

Janssen (2005) established a new family, Praecuvierinidae.

Gosliner et al. (2007) elevated the subfamily Babakininae to the family level as Babakinidae.

Golding et al. (2007) established new families within the Amphiboloidea:

Uit de Weerd (2008) moved two families Urocoptidae and Cerionidae to the newly established superfamily Urocoptoidea, based on molecular phylogeny research as follows:

superfamily Urocoptoidea

Other authors also made numerous taxonomic changes within Orthalicoidea in 2009-2012.

Schrödl & Neusser (2010) rearranged the taxonomy of the Acochlidiacea.

Swennen & Buatip (2009) described a new family Aitengidae, which was later moved to Acochlidiacea by Jörger et al. (2010).

Malaquias et al. (2009) rearranged the taxonomy of the Cephalaspidea sensu lato: reinstated Architectibranchia, reinstated Runcinacea, reinstated Scaphandridae as a valid family, but they did not use superfamilies.

Subsequently, Malaquias (2010) moved Bullacta exarata (formerly the only member of Bullactidae) into the family Haminoeidae.

Sutcharit et al. (2010) established a new family Diapheridae within the Streptaxoidea in 2010.

Jörger et al. (2010) redefined major groups of Heterobranchia and created the new clades Euopisthobranchia and Panpulmonata.

Maeda et al. (2010) confirmed the placement of Cylindrobulla within the Sacoglossa.

Thompson (2010) redefined subfamilies in Spiraxidae, moving Euglandininae and Streptostylinae (from where they had been in the Oleacinidae per Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)) so that they became subfamilies of Spiraxidae.

Johnson (2011) resurrected the family Cadlinidae.

Thompson (2012) established a new family, Epirobiidae.

Thompson & Naranjo-García (2012) described a new family Echinichidae within Xanthonychoidea.

Prestonellinae was formally described as a new subfamily within Bothriembryontidae in 2016.

Proposals and research

See also

References

  1. ↑ Klussmann-Kolb, Annette; Dinapoli, Angela; Kuhn, Kerstin; Streit, Bruno; Albrecht, Christian (2008). "From sea to land and beyond – New insights into the evolution of euthyneuran Gastropoda (Mollusca)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1): 57. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8...57K. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-57. PMC 2287175. PMID 18294406.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 323. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..323J. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323. PMC 3087543. PMID 20973994.
  3. ↑ Ponder W. & Lindberg D. R. (1997). "Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 119(2): 83-265. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00137.x
  4. ↑ Dayrat B. & Tillier S. (2002). "Evolutionary relationships of euthyneuran gastropods (Mollusca): a cladistic re-evaluation of morphological characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 135(4): 403-470. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00018.x
  5. 1 2 Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdés Á. & Warén A. (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology. 47 (1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397. ISBN 3925919724. ISSN 0076-2997.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  6. 1 2 Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Kaim, Andrzej; Kano, Yasunori; Nützel, Alexander; Parkhaev, Pavel; Schrödl, Michael; Strong, Ellen E. (2017). "Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families". Malacologia. 61 (1–2): 1–526. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201. S2CID 91051256.
  7. ↑ "Crossref cited by". 2026-04-20.
  8. ↑ "Google Scholar". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2026-04-20.
  9. ↑ Leshno Afriat, Yael; Rabinovich, Rivka; Edelman-Furstenberg, Yael (2026-02-28). "TESTING THE BOREAL-TETHYAN SHIFT OF NERINEOID GASTROPODS USING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS". Palaios. 41 (1): 36–47. doi:10.2110/palo.2024.034. ISSN 1938-5323.
  10. ↑ Parkhaev, P. Yu. (2006). Rozhnov, S.V. (ed.). "Adaptive radiation of the Cambrian helcionelloid mollusks (Gastropoda, Archaeobranchia)" (PDF). Evolution of the biosphere and biodiversity. Towards the 70th anniversary of A. Y. Rozanov. Moscow: 282–296. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-10.
  11. ↑ P. Yu. Parkhaev (2007). "The Cambrian 'basement' of gastropod evolution". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286 (1): 415–421. Bibcode:2007GSLSP.286..415P. doi:10.1144/SP286.31. ISBN 978-1-86239-233-5. S2CID 130979274.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  12. ↑ Nakano, T.; Ozawa, T. (2007). "Worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order Patellogastropoda: Molecular, morphological and palaeontological evidence". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 73: 79–99. doi:10.1093/mollus/eym001.
  13. 1 2 Geiger D. L. (8 May 2009) "A new species of Depressizona and the family rank of Depressizonidae". Zootaxa 2059: 57-59. abstract, full article.
  14. 1 2 Williams S. T.; Karube S.; Ozawa T. (2008). "Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined". Zoologica Scripta. 37 (5): 483–506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x. S2CID 84570997.
  15. ↑ W. F. Ponder, D. R. Lindberg, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 119, 83–265 (1997).
  16. ↑ A. G. McArthur, B. F. Koop, Molecular Phylogenet. Evol. 13, 255–274 (1999).
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bandel, K. (2007). "Description and classification of Late Triassic Neritimorpha (Gastropoda, Mollusca) from the St Cassian Formation, Italian Alps". Bulletin of Geosciences: 215–274. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.2007.03.215.
  18. 1 2 Kaim, A., Jenkins, R.G. & Warén, A. (2008). "Provannid and provannid−like gastropods from Late Cretaceous cold seeps of Hokkaido (Japan) and the fossil record of the Provannidae (Gastropoda: Abyssochrysoidea)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 154 (3): 421–436. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00431.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Kiel S.; Campbell K.A.; Elder W.P.; Little C.T.S. (2008). "Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 53 (4): 679–703. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0412.
  20. ↑ Strong, Ellen E.; Köhler, Frank (2009). "Morphological and molecular analysis of 'Melania' jacquetiDautzenberg and Fischer, 1906: From anonymous orphan to critical basal offshoot of the Semisulcospiridae (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea)". Zoologica Scripta. 38 (5): 483. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00385.x. S2CID 86163594.
  21. ↑ Bandel K. (2006). "Families of the Cerithioidea and related superfamilies (Palaeo-Caenogastropoda; Mollusca) from the Triassic to the Recent characterized by protoconch morphology - including the description of new taxa". Freiberger Forschungshefte C 511: 59-138. PDF[permanent dead link].
  22. 1 2 Fehse, D (2007). "Contributions to the knowledge of the Ovulidae. XVI. The higher systematics" (PDF). Spixiana. 30 (1): 121–125. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
  23. ↑ Beu A.G. (2008). "Recent deep-water Cassidae of the world. A revision of Galeodea, Oocorys, Sconsia, Echinophoria and related taxa, with new genera and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda)". In> Héros V., Cowie R. H. & Bouchet P. (eds.). Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 25. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 196: 269-387.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Bouchet, P.; Kantor, Y. I.; Sysoev, A.; Puillandre, N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 77 (3): 273. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyr017.
  25. ↑ Kantor, Y.I.; Strong, E.E.; Puillandre, N. (2012). "A new lineage of Conoidea (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) revealed by morphological and molecular data". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 78 (3): 246–255. doi:10.1093/mollus/eys007.
  26. ↑ Puillandre, N.; Duda, T.F.; Meyer, C.; Olivera, B.M.; Bouchet, P. (2015). "One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyu055. PMC 4541476. PMID 26300576.
  27. ↑ Janssen A. W. (2005). "Development of Cuvierinidae (Mollusca, Euthecosomata, Cavolinioidea) during the Cainozoic: a non-cladistic approach with a re-interpretation of Recent taxa". Basteria. 69 (1–3): 25–72. Archived from the original on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
  28. ↑ Gosliner, Terrence M.; González-Duarte, Manuel M.; Cervera, Juan Lucas (2007). "Revision of the systematics of Babakina Roller, 1973 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) with the description of a new species and a phylogenetic analysis". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 151 (4): 671. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00331.x.
  29. 1 2 3 Golding, R. E.; Ponder, W. F.; Byrne, M. (2007). "Taxonomy and anatomy of Amphiboloidea (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Archaeopulmonata)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1476: 1–50. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1476.1.1.
  30. 1 2 Uit De Weerd, D. R. (2008). "Delimitation and phylogenetics of the diverse land-snail family Urocoptidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) based on 28S rRNA sequence data: A reunion with Cerion". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 74 (4): 317–329. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyn023.
  31. ↑ Schrödl, Michael; Neusser, Timea P. (2010). "Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158: 124–154. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00544.x.
  32. ↑ Swennen, C.; Buatip, S. "Aiteng ater, new genus, new species, an amphibious and insectivorous sea slug that is difficult to classify [Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Sacoglossa(?): Aitengidae, new family]" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 57 (2): 495–500. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2010-11-29.
  33. 1 2 Malaquias, Manuel António E; Mackenzie-Dodds, Jacqueline; Bouchet, Philippe; Gosliner, Terrence; Reid, David G (2009). "A molecular phylogeny of the Cephalaspideasensu lato(Gastropoda: Euthyneura): Architectibranchia redefined and Runcinacea reinstated". Zoologica Scripta. 38: 23–41. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00354.x. S2CID 84535763.
  34. 1 2 Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2010). "Systematics, phylogeny, and natural history ofBullacta exarata(Philippi, 1849): An endemic cephalaspidean gastropod from the China Sea". Journal of Natural History. 44 (33–34): 2015–2029. Bibcode:2010JNatH..44.2015M. doi:10.1080/00222933.2010.487574. S2CID 85950337.
  35. ↑ Sutcharit C.; Naggs F.; Wade C. M.; Fontanilla I.; Panha S. (2010). "The new family Diapheridae, a new species of Diaphera Albers from Thailand, and the position of the Diapheridae within a molecular phylogeny of the Streptaxoidea (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 160: 1–16. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00598.x.
  36. 1 2 Maeda, T.; Kajita, T.; Maruyama, T.; Hirano, Y. (2010). "Molecular Phylogeny of the Sacoglossa, With a Discussion of Gain and Loss of Kleptoplasty in the Evolution of the Group". Biological Bulletin. 219 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1086/bblv219n1p17. PMID 20813986. S2CID 27608931. Archived from the original on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  37. ↑ Thompson, FG (2010). "Four species of land snails from Costa Rica and Panama (Pulmonata: Spiraxidae)". Revista de Biología Tropical. 58 (1): 195–202. doi:10.15517/rbt.v58i1.5204. PMID 20411717.
  38. ↑ Johnson, Rebecca F. (2010). "Breaking family ties: Taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda)". Zoologica Scripta. 40 (2): 137–157. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00457.x. S2CID 82123571.
  39. ↑ Thompson, F. G. (2012). "The land snail genus Epirobia and allied genera in México and Central America, with the description of a new family, the Epirobiidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Urocoptoidea)" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 51 (3): 167–215. doi:10.58782/flmnh.yqei8069.
  40. ↑ Thompson, Fred G.; Naranjo-García, Edna (2012). "Echinichidae, a new family of dart-bearing helicoid slugs from Mexico, with the description of a new genus and three new species
    (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Xanthonychoidea)"     (PDF). Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 141 (2): 197. doi:10.1127/arch.moll/1869-0963/141/197-208.
  41. ↑ Bruggen, A. C. van; Herbert, D. G.; Breure, A. S. H. (2016). "Prestonellinae – validation of the name as a new subfamily of Bothriembryontidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Orthalicoidea)". Zootaxa. 4084 (4): 590–592. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4084.4.9. PMID 27394284.
  42. ↑ Grande C.; Templado J.; Zardoya R. (2008). "Evolution of gastropod mitochondrial genome arrangements". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1): 61. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8...61G. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-61. PMC 2291457. PMID 18302768.
  43. ↑ Wagner P. J. (2008). "Paleozoic Gastropod, Monoplacophoran and Rostroconch Database". ucsb.edu[dead link]
  44. 1 2 3 "Cyrtonellidae" The Paleobiology Database. Accessed 26 February 2010.

Further reading