Guliang Chi

Guliang Chi
Guliang Chi
Chinese	穀梁赤
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Gǔliáng Chì
Bopomofo	ㄍㄨˇ ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄔˋ
Wade–Giles	ku3liang2 ch'ih4
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping	guk1loeng4 cek3
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese	kuwkljang tsyhek
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014)	/*[k]ˤokraŋ [t-qʰ](r)Ak/
Zhengzhang	/*kloːɡraŋ kʰljaɡ/

Guliang Chi
穀梁赤
Guliang Chi; 穀梁赤
	Yuan dynasty portrait.
Born	State of Lu
Occupations	Philosopher; Educator
Academic background
Influences	Bu Shang
Academic work
School or tradition	Confucianism
Main interests	Spring and Autumn Annals
Notable works	Guliang Zhuan
Influenced	Emperor Xuan of Han; Cai Qianqiu; Duke Jiang of Xiaqu

Guliang Chi was an educator and philosopher of the State of Lu and disciple of Confucius and Bu Shang. He transmitted the Spring and Autumn Annals to his students, from which his notes then became the Guliang Zhuan.

Names

Guliang Chi's name was a subject of debate for scholars. The name Chi 赤 comes from the Anthology of Cai Zhonglang and the Book of Han. Yan Shigu said that Guliang's personal name was Xi 喜, Ruan Xiaoxu said that his name was Shu 淑 or Chu 俶, and Wang Chong said that his name was Zhi 寘 in Lunheng.

Influence

Little is known about Guliang's life outside of him transmitting the Spring and Autumn Annals as an educator. Classical texts show that his commentary enjoyed considerable favour with the literati, with emperors such as Emperor Xuan of Han heavily promoting the text, and later educators, particularly from Guliang's home state of Lu teaching the thought within. The Book of Han mentions Duke Jiang of Xiaqu as studying the Guliang tradition, who debated interpretation of the Spring and Autumn Annals with Dong Zhongshu, who studied the Gongyang tradition before Emperor Xuan of Han. Another individual, Cai Qianqiu, did the same, and was promoted. It was from these debates that the Guliang commentary was established and promoted by the Han dynasty.

References

1 2 3 Wang, Chong. "案書". In Sturgeon, Donald (ed.). 論衡 [Lunheng] (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 31 March 2026. 《禮記》造於孔子之堂，太史公、漢之通人也，左氏之言與二書合，公羊高、穀梁寘、胡母氏不相合。
1 2 Jian 簡, Yiguang 逸光 (4 March 2016). "先秦—孔子弟子：穀梁赤". 臺北孔廟-儒家賢哲-歷代儒者. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2026.
↑ Cai, Yong. "正交論". In Sturgeon, Donald (ed.). 蔡中郎集 [Anthology of Cai Zhonglang] (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project. 穀梁赤曰：「心志既通，名譽不聞，友之罪也。」今將患其流而塞其源，病其末而刈其本。
1 2 Ban, Gu. "孝成皇帝紀二". In Sturgeon, Donald (ed.). 前漢紀 [Book of Han] (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 31 March 2026. 魯人穀梁赤齊人公羊高。各為春秋作傳。// 詔諸儒講五經同異，太子太傅蕭望之等平奏其議，上親稱制臨決焉。乃立梁丘易、大小夏侯尚書、穀梁春秋博士。
↑ Sima, Qian. "儒林列傳". 史記 [Records of the Grand Historian] (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 31 March 2026. 瑕丘江生為穀梁春秋。自公孫弘得用，嘗集比其義，卒用董仲舒。

External links

《春秋穀梁傳 - Guliang Zhuan》 Chinese text at the Chinese Text Project

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[lunheng-1] 1 2 3 Wang, Chong. "案書". In Sturgeon, Donald (ed.). 論衡 [Lunheng] (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 31 March 2026. 《禮記》造於孔子之堂，太史公、漢之通人也，左氏之言與二書合，公羊高、穀梁寘、胡母氏不相合。

[taipeigov-2] 1 2 Jian 簡, Yiguang 逸光 (4 March 2016). "先秦—孔子弟子：穀梁赤". 臺北孔廟-儒家賢哲-歷代儒者. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2026.

[3] Cai, Yong. "正交論". In Sturgeon, Donald (ed.). 蔡中郎集 [Anthology of Cai Zhonglang] (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project. 穀梁赤曰：「心志既通，名譽不聞，友之罪也。」今將患其流而塞其源，病其末而刈其本。

[han-4] 1 2 Ban, Gu. "孝成皇帝紀二". In Sturgeon, Donald (ed.). 前漢紀 [Book of Han] (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 31 March 2026. 魯人穀梁赤齊人公羊高。各為春秋作傳。// 詔諸儒講五經同異，太子太傅蕭望之等平奏其議，上親稱制臨決焉。乃立梁丘易、大小夏侯尚書、穀梁春秋博士。

[5] Sima, Qian. "儒林列傳". 史記 [Records of the Grand Historian] (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project. Retrieved 31 March 2026. 瑕丘江生為穀梁春秋。自公孫弘得用，嘗集比其義，卒用董仲舒。