He Yingqin (traditional Chinese:何應欽; simplified Chinese:何应钦; pinyin:Hé Yìngqīn; Wade–Giles:Ho2 Ying4-ch‘in1; April 2, 1890 – October 21, 1987) also Ho Ying-chin, was a Chinese politician and one of the most senior generals of the Kuomintang (KMT) during Nationalist China, and a close ally of Chiang Kai-shek. A graduate of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and an early leader at the Whampoa Military Academy, he served as Chief of Staff, Minister of War (1930–1944), and Commander-in-Chief of the Chinese Army during World War II. He formally accepted Japan’s surrender in Nanjing in 1945 and briefly served as Premier of the Republic of China in 1949 before retreating with the Nationlist government to Taiwan, where he served as a senior presidential advisor until his death.
Early life and education
He Yingqin was born on 2 April 1890 in Nidang village, Xingyi County, Guizhou (now Xingyi, the seat of Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture), Guizhou:1:282 into a landowning family.:27 His family's ancestral home was in Linchuan, in the prefecture of Fuzhou, Jiangxi.:1 His father, He Qimin, was a merchant, and He was the third of five brothers.:282
He entered a village school at the age of seven, a local primary school at ten and the county higher primary school at thirteen. He then came first in the entrance examination for the Guizhou Army Primary School in Guiyang.:282 In the spring of 1909, he was sent to the Army Middle School in Wuchang, where his classmates included Gu Zhenglun. That autumn, the two were among twenty students selected by the Minister of War, Tieliang, to study in Japan. He entered the 11th class of the Shinbu Gakkō, a preparatory school for Chinese military cadets, and joined the Tongmenghui.:282
When the Xinhai Revolution broke out in 1911, He and other Shinbu Gakkō students returned to China. He served on the training staff of the Shanghai military government under Chen Qimei, and then as a company commander and later battalion commander in the 7th Division of the Jiangsu Army.:282–283 In 1912, he went back to Japan to complete his studies. After finishing at the Shinbu Gakkō, he served an attachment with the Imperial Japanese Army's 59th Infantry Regiment at Utsunomiya,:283 and in the autumn of 1913, he entered the infantry course of the 28th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy.:282 He graduated in 1916.:205
Guizhou (1916–1921)
On his return to Guizhou in 1916, He was recruited by Wang Wenhua, commander of the Guizhou Army, who was looking for trained officers for his new 1st Division. Wang gave him command of the division's 4th Infantry Regiment and of the student battalion of the Guizhou Military Academy, and put him in charge of establishing the academy and training new troops.:283 In July 1916, He became the academy's principal.:27
In November 1916, Wang Wenhua led the Guizhou Army into Sichuan against Liu Cunhou. He, now commanding the 5th Regiment, marched against Wu Guangxin, the Beiyang government's commander on the upper Yangtze. In December, he defeated Wu's forces at Huangjueya and forced them out of Chongqing.:283 When Wang expanded the Guizhou Army into five mixed brigades after the campaign, He became commander of the 5th Mixed Brigade,:601 which was stationed on the Hunan–Guizhou border.:283 He also served as head of the provincial police.:28
In 1919, He founded the Young Guizhou Society, modelled on Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy, and became its president. The society, which was aligned with the Kuomintang, soon had branches in all 81 counties of the province and published its own daily newspaper. It helped Wang Wenhua to unite reformers in and outside the province against the older faction led by the provincial governor, Liu Xianshi, and it won He Wang's trust.:283
Wang Wenhua, who had moved to Shanghai to avoid suspicion that he was plotting against his uncle, Liu Xianshi, was assassinated there.:283 Lu Tao became acting commander of the Guizhou Army, with He as acting chief of staff.:28–29 He tried to rebuild the reformist government with his brother-in-law, Wang Boqun, but Gu Zhenglun marched on Guiyang and ordered him to leave the province. He handed over his command and went to Kunming with a single company, where he joined the Yunnan governor, Gu Pinzhen.:283 By late 1921, he had left Guizhou for good.:29–30
Whampoa and the Eastern Expeditions (1922–1926)
In 1922, He was shot twice in Kunming by gunmen hired by Liu Dunwu, a member of Guizhou's conservative faction, and was seriously wounded in the lung.:29–30 He was treated by a French doctor.:284 According to one account, Zhu De, then head of the Yunnan police, took him to the French hospital. The bullet was never removed, and for the rest of his life, he walked with his right shoulder slightly lowered.:29 After he recovered, Tang Jiyao urged him to return to Guizhou, but he declined. Fearing that a long stay in Kunming would arouse suspicion, he left for Shanghai by the Yunnan–Vietnam railway and Haiphong.:29–30
From left: He, Chiang Kai-shek (centre) and Wang Boling with Sun Yat-sen at the opening of the Whampoa Military Academy, June 1924
In 1924, through his Japanese military academy classmate Wang Boling, He met Chiang Kai-shek in Guangzhou. Sun Yat-sen appointed him a military counsellor at his headquarters to help establish the Whampoa Military Academy.:284 At the academy, where Wang Boling headed the teaching department and Ye Jianying was his deputy, He was one of the instructors, together with Qian Dajun, Liu Zhi and Gu Zhutong.:217 He became the academy's chief military instructor.:601:30 When the academy's cadets were formed into two training regiments with more than 3,000 officers and men, He commanded the 1st Regiment and Wang Boling the 2nd.:217
He with the Soviet military adviser Vasily Blyukher during the Eastern Expedition
In the first Eastern Expedition, launched in February 1925, He led the 1st Training Regiment against Chen Jiongming. His regiment was the main assault force at Tamsui and fought in the Battle of Mianhu, and it helped to take Chaozhou and Shantou.:285:30–32 In April 1925, the training regiments were expanded into the Party Army's 1st Brigade, with He as its commander. In June, when the Yunnan and Guangxi armies under Yang Ximin and Liu Zhenhuan revolted in Guangzhou, He withdrew his brigade from the East River front and helped to suppress the revolt.:288
The Nationalist government then reorganized its forces as the National Revolutionary Army. The Whampoa forces became the 1st Army, about 10,600 strong, with three divisions: He commanded the 1st Division, Wang Maogong the 2nd and Qian Dajun the Training Division.:219–220 In the second Eastern Expedition, which began in September 1925, He commanded the 1st Column, which took Huizhou after heavy losses. He was then put in charge of post-war reconstruction in the Chaozhou–Shantou region and made head of the Whampoa academy's Chaozhou branch, and he represented Chiang's military and political authority in eastern Guangdong.:288 There he trained troops in preparation for the Northern Expedition.:31
In January 1926, He succeeded Chiang as commander of the 1st Army,:601 which made him the leading military figure in the Guangzhou government after Chiang. When the Northern Expedition began in July 1926, he was given command of the eastern route against Sun Chuanfang in Fujian and Zhejiang.:223 His troops launched a surprise attack on Songkou on 9 October.:137 Advancing into Fujian, he took Yongding, from which the local commander, Zhou Yinren, barely escaped.:289 He then captured Zhangzhou on 8 November and Quanzhou on 23 November 1926,:137 and Fuzhou in December.:223
As several Fujian warlord forces went over to the Nationalists, He's forces were reorganized in December 1926 as the Eastern Route Army. He became its commander-in-chief, with six columns under his command and Bai Chongxi as front-line commander, and was given the task of advancing through Zhejiang to Shanghai.:290 The army entered Hangzhou on 19 February 1927. On 14 March, Yang Shuzhuang, commander of the Beiyang government's Yangtze fleet, went over to the Nationalists and helped the Eastern Route Army to take Shanghai later that month. The army reached Zhenjiang on 23 March and, together with the Central Route Army, captured Nanjing on 24 March.:138
When the Kuomintang split between Nanjing and Wuhan in April 1927, He strongly supported Chiang's moves against the Communists at a meeting held on 2 April. On 17 July, the Nanjing government appointed him to its Military Commission.:435 After Chiang resigned in August 1927, He, Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi together controlled military and political affairs in Nanjing.:290–291 That month, He and Bai defeated Sun Chuanfang's attempt to recross the Yangtze at the Battle of Longtan, destroying more than 50,000 of his troops and capturing more than 40,000 rifles.:291:226 His forces were then reorganized as the First Route Army, which crossed the Yangtze in pursuit of Sun's remaining troops.:292
When Chiang returned as commander-in-chief in January 1928, he took direct command of He's troops, which became the 1st Army Group, and made He chief of staff of the Northern Expedition headquarters in Nanjing.:292 In February 1928, He became acting chairman of the Military Commission.:436 He was also appointed chairman of the Zhejiang provincial government, although Jiang Bocheng carried out the role in practice.:32
Minister of Military Affairs (1930–1944)
During the Chiang–Gui War of 1929, He served as chief of staff of the government forces and helped Chiang to defeat the New Guangxi clique. He was also elected to the Kuomintang's 3rd Central Executive Committee.:293 In March 1930, he became Minister of Military Affairs, a post he held until 1944, and he also headed the Wuhan field headquarters, which guarded against Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang. In October 1930, as the Central Plains War drew to a close, he moved to the Zhengzhou field headquarters to oversee military affairs at the front and the settlement in the north-west.:293–294
In February 1931, He set up the Nanchang field headquarters to direct the Nationalist encirclement campaigns against the Communist base areas in Jiangxi.:294–295 When Chiang took personal charge of the third campaign in June 1931, He served as front-line commander-in-chief and commander of the Left Wing Army Group, with Zhu Shaoliang, Jiang Dingwen and Chen Cheng under him.:425 In February 1932, he was appointed commander-in-chief for the Jiangxi–Guangdong–Fujian border region and prepared the fourth campaign.:425
Dealings with Japan
In March 1933, after Zhang Xueliang resigned over the loss of Rehe, He took over as acting head of the Military Commission's Beiping branch. Following the government's policy of combining resistance with negotiation, he relied on the Great Wall as the main line of defence against the Japanese advance.:298 On 31 May 1933, his representative, Xiong Bin, met Okamura Yasuji, deputy chief of staff of the Kwantung Army, at Tanggu and signed the Tanggu Truce on the terms drafted by the Japanese, without changing a word. In June, He asked the Executive Yuan to punish him.:301 He was promoted to general first class in April 1935.:302
He Yingqin in 1930s
On 9 June 1935, Yoshijirō Umezu, commander of the Japanese garrison in North China, sent He a memorandum that demanded a reply within three days.:303 The demands included the removal of the Hebei governor Yu Xuezhong, the closing of Kuomintang offices in Hebei and the withdrawal of central government troops from the province. He at first refused to sign,:227 but on 6 July, after obtaining the Executive Yuan's approval, he sent Umezu a short letter accepting the demands. This exchange became known as the He–Umezu Agreement.:4923 Both the Tanggu Truce and the He–Umezu Agreement were widely condemned in China as betrayals of national interests.:301
In November 1935, the government abolished the Beiping branch of the Military Commission, appointed Song Zheyuan as pacification commissioner for Hebei and Chahar, and made He the Executive Yuan's representative in Beiping.:227 In early December, at talks in Baoding, He told Japanese journalists that he hoped for "peace and friendship" between China and Japan. Japanese officials, however, made it clear that his continued presence in Beiping was unwelcome.:5017–5019 He arranged the creation of the Hebei–Chahar Political Council under Song Zheyuan and returned to Nanjing on 14 December. There he told reporters that Song and his colleagues were loyal to the central government, and he denied reports that students had been killed in clashes with police in Beiping on 9 December.:5022–5028
Xi'an Incident
After Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng detained Chiang in the Xi'an Incident of 12 December 1936, the Kuomintang leadership held an emergency meeting that night. H. H. Kung became acting premier, and He was put in charge of directing troop movements.:205 He argued strongly for military action against Zhang and Yang.:305 On 16 December, he was appointed commander-in-chief of a punitive expedition, with Liu Zhi and Gu Zhutong commanding its eastern and western army groups, and he prepared to bomb Xi'an.:306 He also urged Wang Jingwei, who was in Europe, to return to China.:306
Chiang was released on 25 December and returned to Nanjing the next day, where He met him at the airport and explained that he had called for military action only out of duty. On 29 December, Chiang dissolved the punitive headquarters, although He continued to favour a military solution in dealing with Zhang's and Yang's troops.:306 In 1937, He and Chiang oversaw the reorganization of the Northeastern Army and the 17th Route Army.:307
Second Sino-Japanese War
On 3 July 1937, days before the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Japanese military attaché Kita Seiichi warned He that war was inevitable unless China accepted Japan's terms. According to He's later account, he replied that China would resist to the end and that both countries would suffer, to the benefit of the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communists.:190 On 12 August, He told the Kuomintang's Central Standing Committee that "peace is hopeless", and he argued for striking the Japanese before they could concentrate their forces. In August 1937, he became commander of the 4th War Zone while remaining Minister of Military Affairs.:309
In December 1937, the Supreme National Defence Council discussed German proposals for a settlement with Japan. He was among the officials who did not object to considering the terms, while Chiang remained reserved.:602 In January 1938, He became Chief of the General Staff.:309 In March 1942, he rejected a request from Zhou Enlai to expand the Communist Eighth Route Army to four corps of twelve divisions; the government was then funding it for 45,000 men.:621
In November 1944, He was replaced as Minister of Military Affairs by Chen Cheng, and in December, he became commander-in-chief of the Chinese Army, with headquarters in Kunming. Earlier that month, troops under his direction had recaptured Dushan, stabilizing the situation in Guizhou.:615 In 1945, he directed the Battle of West Hunan and the counter-offensive in Guangxi, and drew up plans for an offensive into Guangdong.:311–312
He (right) receives the instrument of surrender from Kobayashi Asasaburō in Nanjing, 9 September 1945
After Japan announced its surrender on 15 August 1945, Chiang designated He to accept the surrender of Japanese forces in the China theatre.:166:657 On 20 August, He set up a forward headquarters at Zhijiang, Hunan.:7793The next day, the Japanese envoy Takeo Imai arrived there and was given the Chinese Army's Memorandum No. 1, which set out the preparations the Japanese forces were to make for the surrender.:7794
On 9 September 1945, at the Central Military Academy in Nanjing, He presided over the surrender ceremony before more than a thousand Chinese and foreign guests. On behalf of Chiang, as Supreme Commander of the China theatre, he accepted the surrender of General Yasuji Okamura, commander of the China Expeditionary Army.:659:299:313 After Okamura signed the instrument of surrender, his chief of staff, Kobayashi Asasaburō, presented it to He. The next day, Okamura told He that he would now follow He's orders rather than those of the Japanese government,:7823 and on 12 September, He ordered that Okamura's command be renamed the liaison headquarters for Japanese officers and men in the China theatre.:7825–7826
Chinese Civil War and premiership (1946–1949)
When the Military Commission was replaced by the Ministry of National Defense in June 1946, He was relieved of his posts as Chief of the General Staff and commander-in-chief of the army. He was sent to Washington as head of the Chinese delegation to the United Nations Military Staff Committee, and he met President Harry S. Truman on 29 June.:314 In February 1947, he and the ambassador, Wellington Koo, called on Secretary of State George Marshall. He told reporters that the withdrawal of American mediators would not intensify the civil war, and he estimated the government's forces at about 150 divisions.:8279 In 1947, he also became chairman of the Strategic Advisory Committee.:8324, 8351
In June 1948, He became Minister of National Defense in the cabinet of Weng Wenhao.:8613 Reporting to a closed session of the Legislative Yuan on the deteriorating situation in central China, he urged firm confidence that the Communists could still be defeated.:8625 As defeats at the front were followed by unrest behind the lines, the Wong cabinet fell and He resigned with it.:317 After the Huaihai campaign, he went to Shanghai to recuperate. When a visitor urged him to stand by the government in its final crisis, he reportedly replied that Chen Cheng could play the loyal minister.:317
In February 1949, He asked the American ambassador, John Leighton Stuart, whether the United States would invite Chiang to visit, and he claimed that, given three months of full authority, he could stop the Communists from crossing the Yangtze.:76 After Sun Fo resigned, the acting president, Li Zongren, nominated He as Premier. The Legislative Yuan approved the nomination,:349 and He took office on 24 March 1949.:717 At his first cabinet meeting, his government appointed its delegation for the peace talks with the Communists.:171 On 7 April, he reported on the progress of the talks to the Kuomintang's Central Standing Committee in Guangzhou.:178
After the talks broke down, He ordered local governments on 21 April to tighten security and reimpose martial law.:8883 On 22 April, he attended a meeting with Chiang, Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi and Zhang Qun in Hangzhou,:717 and Li then made him concurrently Minister of National Defense, with command of all the armed forces.:8887 The next day, the Communists took Nanjing,:8888 and He and his cabinet moved to Guangzhou.:127 On 10 May, he told the Legislative Yuan that, although he would rather step aside, he would remain in office because the government could not afford instability. The next day, he chaired a military conference that agreed on a joint defence plan for southern and south-western China.:8909–8910 On 14 May, he ordered that commanders who avoided battle be punished under military law.:8912 He offered his resignation on 20 May, and his cabinet resigned on 30 May 1949.:353:206–207 In July, he became a member of the Kuomintang's Extraordinary Committee,:718 and he soon moved to Taiwan.:321
Later life in Taiwan
An inscription signed by He on Mount Taiwu, Kinmen, December 1981
In Taiwan, He served as chairman of the Strategic Advisory Committee of the Presidential Office until his death.:321 He visited Japan in 1951 and 1955, where he was warmly received by former opponents. At one welcome meeting, Okamura Yasuji spoke of He's fair treatment of Japanese troops and civilians after the surrender.:212 He frequently led Taiwanese delegations to conferences of the Moral Re-Armament movement.:321
In 1953, He, the general Sun Lianzhong and the mayor of Taipei, Wu San-lien, founded the Taipei Golf Club. With the help of the Chief of the General Staff, Chow Chih-jou, they obtained the use of military farmland near Taipei's South Airport, the site of today's Youth Park, for the course. In August 1962, he visited South Korea as a special envoy for its Liberation Day celebrations. In 1979, President Chiang Ching-kuo awarded him the Order of National Glory.
He Yingqin during 1973 Taiwan Open (Golf)
In 1982, after calls from overseas Chinese in New York, the Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People was founded at Yangmingshan, with He as chairman of its executive committee.:451 In September 1984, he published an open letter to Whampoa alumni denouncing the mainland's Whampoa alumni association as a tool of the Communists' united front.
He suffered a mild stroke in April 1986. He died of heart and lung failure at Taipei Veterans General Hospital on 21 October 1987, aged 97. The same day, Chiang Ching-kuo issued a presidential citation praising his military career and his service as Premier.:321–322 On 22 October 1987, the day after He's death, local officials met fourteen of his relatives in his birthplace, Xingyi, to offer their condolences. The officials came from the Qianxinan Prefecture Communist Party's united front department, the prefecture's political consultative conference and its Taiwan affairs office. With the nickname of "Lucky General," he survived battles and campaigns and lived longer than most other patriarchs of the KMT, including Chiang. His remains are interred at Wuchih Mountain Military Cemetery in Taiwan.
Legacy
In August 1948, after He criticized Chiang's interference in the appointment of officers, Chiang wrote a harsh assessment of him in his diary. He accused He of shifting blame and claiming credit, wrote that more than twenty years of patronage had failed to make him stand on his own, and called him "one of the greatest failures of my life".
The PLA Publishing House's Biographies of Senior Generals of the Republic of China portrays He as ambitious but unwilling to challenge Chiang openly, so that his career never escaped Chiang's shadow. It also notes that he was widely regarded as pro-Japanese during the war against Japan, while closely following Chiang's policies of resistance, accommodation with Japan and anti-communism.:307
Zhang Zige, a former confidential secretary to Soong Mei-ling, wrote in his memoirs that He had helped to arrange a visit to Chiang in August 1939 by a German envoy who urged China to make peace with Japan, a proposal that Chiang and Soong rejected.
Personal life
On 30 April 1916, He married Wang Wenxiang in Guizhou. She was a niece of the Guizhou governor Liu Xianshi. They had an adopted daughter, He Lizhu.:283
12Editorial Committee of the Chronicle of General He Yingqin's Ninety-five Years (1984). Hé Yìngqīn jiāngjūn jiǔwǔ jìshì chángbiān 何應欽將軍九五紀事長編 [A Detailed Chronicle of General He Yingqin's Ninety-five Years] (in Chinese). Taipei: Hé Yìngqīn shàngjiàng jiǔwǔ shòudàn cóngshū biānwěihuì.
1234He Yingqin (1974). Zhōngguó yǔ shìjiè qiántú 中國與世界前途 [China and the Future of the World] (in Chinese). Taipei: Zhèngzhōng shūjú.
123Cihai Editorial Committee, ed. (1989). Cíhǎi 辞海 [Sea of Words] (in Chinese) (1989ed.). Shanghai: Shànghǎi císhū chūbǎnshè.
12345678910111213141516Chang Yu-fa (1986). Zhōngguó xiàndài shǐ 中國現代史 [Modern History of China] (in Chinese) (9thed.). Taipei: Dōnghuá shūjú.
↑Party History Committee of the Kuomintang, ed. (1954). Huángpǔ jūnxiào sānshí nián gàishù 黃埔軍校三十年概述 [An Outline of Thirty Years of the Whampoa Military Academy] (in Chinese). Fengshan, Kaohsiung. p.8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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12Liu Shoulin; Wan Renyuan; Wang Yuwen; Kong Qingtai, eds. (1995). Mínguó zhíguān niánbiǎo 民國職官年表 [Chronological Tables of Officials of the Republic of China] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhōnghuá shūjú.
↑Wang Yu-ting (1 October 1989). "Zhāng Xuéliáng rùguān jiān zhòngrèn" 張學良入關肩重任 [Zhang Xueliang Enters the Pass and Takes on a Heavy Responsibility]. Xìshuō Xī'ān shìbiàn 細說西安事變 [The Xi'an Incident in Detail] (in Chinese). Taipei: Zhuànjì wénxué chūbǎnshè.
12345678910111213141516Han Xinfu; Jiang Kefu, eds. (2011). Zhōnghuá Mínguó shǐ dàshìjì 中華民國史大事記 [Chronicle of Major Events in the History of the Republic of China] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhōnghuá shūjú. ISBN978-7-101-07998-2.
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↑Zhu Zijia. Wāng zhèngquán de kāichǎng yǔ shōuchǎng 汪政權的開場與收場 [The Rise and Fall of the Wang Regime] (in Chinese). Vol.1. pp.10–13.
↑Yang Fan (2013-04-26). 何应钦为何抗战后期骂陈诚“算个什么东西”？[Why Did He Yingqin Insult Chen Cheng Late in the War of Resistance?]. Phoenix New Media (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2015-02-14.
12Wang Ching-hung, ed. (2011). 1949 dà liúwáng: Měiguó wàijiāo dàng'ànshì mìlù 1949大流亡：美國外交檔案室密錄 [The Great Exodus of 1949: Secret Records from the American Diplomatic Archives] (in Chinese). Taipei: Yùshānshè. ISBN978-986-294-000-6.
123Chiang Ching-kuo (1988). "Wēijí cúnwáng zhī qiū" 危急存亡之秋 [A Time of Crisis]. Fēngyǔ zhōng de níngjìng 風雨中的寧靜 [Calm in the Storm] (in Chinese). Taipei: Zhèngzhōng shūjú.
↑球場簡介[About the Course]. Taipei Golf Club (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2020-04-29. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
↑前院長離台赴韓賀國慶[Former Premier Leaves Taiwan for Korea to Attend National Day Celebrations]. Executive Yuan (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-07-01.
↑蔣經國總統頒授勛章予何應欽[President Chiang Ching-kuo Awards a Decoration to He Yingqin]. Executive Yuan (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2016-06-07.
↑Hau Pei-tsun (2000). Bā nián cānmóu zǒngzhǎng rìjì 八年參謀總長日記 [Diary of Eight Years as Chief of the General Staff] (in Chinese). Vol.1. Taipei: Tiānxià yuǎnjiàn. p.798.
12Xiong Zongren (January 2016). Hé Yìngqīn quánzhuàn 何应钦全传 [The Complete Biography of He Yingqin] (in Chinese). Vol.2. Beijing: Tuánjié chūbǎnshè.
↑"【陸軍一級上將何應欽】"[General First-Class General He Yingqin]. Republic of China Military Cemetery (in Chinese). Retrieved 2026-10-19.
↑Cheng Pei-fen. 近看兩蔣家事與國事：一九四五～一九八八軼事見聞錄[A Close Look at the Family and State Affairs of the Two Chiangs: Anecdotes, 1945–1988]. Books.com.tw (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
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↑蔣經國總統頒授勛章予何應欽[President Chiang Ching-kuo Awards a Decoration to He Yingqin]. Executive Yuan (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-06-07.
12First Department, Ministry of National Defense (February 1947). Xiànyì jūnguān zījì bù 现役军官资绩簿 [Register of Active-Duty Officers' Qualifications and Records] (in Chinese). First Department, Ministry of National Defense. p.2.
1234Liu Shaotang (October 2014). Mínguó rénwù xiǎozhuàn 民国人物小传 [Short Biographies of Republican Figures] (in Chinese). Vol.13. Shanghai: Shànghǎi Sānlián shūdiàn.
↑Minoru Takeuchi (2005). 必読日中国交文献集: 必読[Essential Readings on Japan-China Relations: Essential Reading]. 21st Century China Research Institute. p.347. ISBN9784883600571.
↑Korean Report (Volumes 1-4). Korean Information Office. 1961. p.18.
↑Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, Privy Council, and Order of Preference. Burke's Peerage Limited. 1949. p.2462.
↑China Handbook. China Publishing Company. 1944. p.97.
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