Orthohepacivirus

Orthohepacivirus
Orthohepacivirus structure and genome
Orthohepacivirus structure and genome
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Flasuviricetes
Order: Amarillovirales
Family: Hepaciviridae
Genus: Orthohepacivirus
Synonyms
  • Hepacivirus
  • Hepatitis C-like viruses
  • Hepatitis virus C group

Orthohepacivirus, formerly called Hepacivirus, is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Hepaciviridae. The hepatitis C virus (HCV), in species Orthohepacivirus hominis, infects humans and is associated with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There are fourteen species in the genus which infect a range of other vertebrate.

History

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is the causative agent of hepatitis C in humans, was discovered in 1989. Eight genotypes (1–8) and eighty-six subtypes (1a, 1b etc.) of hepatitis C virus have been named.

GBV-B virus (also known as GB virus B) discovered in 1995 is capable of infecting New World monkeys, in particular tamarins. Like HCV it is transmitted by the blood-borne route and similar to HCV it is associated with the viral hepatitis. However GBV-B has never been identified in wild animals and its natural host is not known.

Structure

Viruses in the genus Orthohepacivirus are enveloped and have spherical icosahedral-like geometries with pseudo T=3 symmetry. The virus particle diameter is around 50 nm. Genomes are linear, non-segmented, and around 10,000 nucleotides in length.

Life cycle

Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral envelope protein E to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model. Positive strand RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by viral initiation. Humans and other vertebrate serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are sexual, blood, and contact.

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic tree of orthohepaciviruses and pegiviruses with their host

The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by viruses that belong to the species:

Additional information

Additional orthohepaciviruses have been described from bats, rodents including bank voles, horses, and dogs. Rodent hepacivirus is found in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). Viruses related to orthohepaciviruses have been found in bamboo rats (Rhizomys pruinosus) and long-tailed ground squirrels Spermophilus undulatus.

Cattle are a host for viruses of the species Orthohepacivirus bovis. The viruses most closely related to Orthohepacivirus hominis are the equine hepaciviruses of the species Orthohepacivirus equi. There are at least two subtypes of equine hepacivirus. Hepacivirus A infecting horses has also been found in donkeys.

A virus related to the orthohepaciviruses has been isolated from bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Another unclassified virus in this taxon is duck hepacivirus-like virus. A virus related to orthohepaciviruses has been isolated from the graceful catshark (Proscyllium habereri). The virus – Jogalong virus – has been described that appears to belong to another species in this genus.

References

  1. ↑ Pringle, C. R. (1996). "Virus Taxonomy 1996 - A Bulletin from the Xth International Congress of Virology in Jerusalem" (PDF). Archives of Virology. 141 (11): 2251–6. doi:10.1007/BF01718231. ISSN 1432-8798. OCLC 76349762. PMC 7086844. PMID 8992952. Retrieved 13 March 2019. To name the genus comprising the hepatitis C-like viruses as the genus Hepacivirus.
  2. ↑ 1ICTV 6th Report Murphy, F. A., Fauquet, C. M., Bishop, D. H. L., Ghabrial, S. A., Jarvis, A. W. Martelli, G. P. Mayo, M. A. & Summers, M. D.(eds)(1995). Virus Taxonomy. Sixthreport of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Archives of Virology Supplement 10, p. 424 https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%206th%20Report.pdf Archived 2 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Flaviviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
  4. ↑ "Taxon Details: Orthohepacivirus". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 24 March 2026.
  5. 1 2 3 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 Stapleton, J. T; Foung, S; Muerhoff, A. S; Bukh, J; Simmonds, P (2010). "The GB viruses: A review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae". Journal of General Virology. 92 (2): 233–46. doi:10.1099/vir.0.027490-0. PMC 3081076. PMID 21084497.
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  11. ↑ Drexler, Jan Felix; Corman, Victor Max; Müller, Marcel Alexander; Lukashev, Alexander N; Gmyl, Anatoly; Coutard, Bruno; Adam, Alexander; Ritz, Daniel; Leijten, Lonneke M; Van Riel, Debby; Kallies, Rene; Klose, Stefan M; Gloza-Rausch, Florian; Binger, Tabea; Annan, Augustina; Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw; Oppong, Samuel; Bourgarel, Mathieu; Rupp, Daniel; Hoffmann, Bernd; Schlegel, Mathias; Kümmerer, Beate M; Krüger, Detlev H; Schmidt-Chanasit, Jonas; Setién, Alvaro Aguilar; Cottontail, Veronika M; Hemachudha, Thiravat; Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn; Osterrieder, Klaus; et al. (2013). "Evidence for Novel Hepaciviruses in Rodents". PLOS Pathogens. 9 (6) e1003438. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003438. PMC 3688547. PMID 23818848.
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  13. ↑ Van Nguyen, Dung; Van Nguyen, Cuong; Bonsall, David; Ngo, Tue; Carrique-Mas, Juan; Pham, Anh; Bryant, Juliet; Thwaites, Guy; Baker, Stephen; Woolhouse, Mark; Simmonds, Peter (2018). "Detection and Characterization of Homologues of Human Hepatitis Viruses and Pegiviruses in Rodents and Bats in Vietnam". Viruses. 10 (3): 102. doi:10.3390/v10030102. PMC 5869495. PMID 29495551.
  14. ↑ Li LL, Liu MM, Shen S, Zhang YJ, Xu YL, Deng HY, Deng F, Duan ZJ (2019) Detection and characterization of a novel hepacivirus in long-tailed ground squirrels (Spermophilus undulatus) in China. Arch Virol
  15. ↑ Corman, Victor Max; Grundhoff, Adam; Baechlein, Christine; Fischer, Nicole; Gmyl, Anatoly; Wollny, Robert; Dei, Dickson; Ritz, Daniel; Binger, Tabea; Adankwah, Ernest; Marfo, Kwadwo Sarfo; Annison, Lawrence; Annan, Augustina; Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw; Oppong, Samuel; Becher, Paul; Drosten, Christian; Drexler, Jan Felix (2015). "Highly Divergent Hepaciviruses from African Cattle". Journal of Virology. 89 (11): 5876–82. doi:10.1128/JVI.00393-15. PMC 4442428. PMID 25787289.
  16. ↑ Baechlein, Christine; Fischer, Nicole; Grundhoff, Adam; Alawi, Malik; Indenbirken, Daniela; Postel, Alexander; Baron, Anna Lena; Offinger, Jennifer; Becker, Kathrin; Beineke, Andreas; Rehage, Juergen; Becher, Paul (2015). "Identification of a Novel Hepacivirus in Domestic Cattle from Germany". Journal of Virology. 89 (14): 7007–15. doi:10.1128/JVI.00534-15. PMC 4473572. PMID 25926652.
  17. ↑ Thézé, Julien; Lowes, Sophia; Parker, Joe; Pybus, Oliver G (2015). "Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hepaciviruses and Pegiviruses". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (11): 2996–3008. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv202. PMC 5635594. PMID 26494702.
  18. ↑ Pronost, S; Hue, E; Fortier, C; Foursin, M; Fortier, G; Desbrosse, F; Rey, F. A; Pitel, P.-H; Richard, E; Saunier, B (2017). "Prevalence of Equine Hepacivirus Infections in France and Evidence for Two Viral Subtypes Circulating Worldwide". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 64 (6): 1884–1897. doi:10.1111/tbed.12587. PMID 27882682. S2CID 19064165.
  19. ↑ Walter S, Rasche A, Moreira-Soto A, Pfaender S, Bletsa M, Corman VM, Aguilar-Setien A, García-Lacy F, Hans A, Todt D, Schuler G, Shnaiderman-Torban A, Steinman A, Roncoroni C, Veneziano V, Rusenova N12, Sandev N12, Rusenov A, Zapryanova D, García-Bocanegra I, Jores J, Carluccio A, Veronesi MC, Cavalleri JMV, Drosten C, Lemey P, Steinmann E, Drexler JF (2016) Differential infection patterns and recent evolutionary origins of Equine Hepaciviruses in donkeys. J Virol 91(1)
  20. ↑ Goldberg TL, Sibley SD, Pinkerton ME, Dunn CD, Long LJ, White LC, Strom SM (2019) Multidecade mortality and a homolog of Hepatitis C Virus in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), the national bird of the USA. Sci Rep 9(1):14953
  21. ↑ Chu L, Jin M, Feng C, Wang X, Zhang D (2019) A highly divergent hepacivirus-like flavivirus in domestic ducks. J Gen Virol
  22. ↑ Shi, Mang; Lin, Xian-Dan; Vasilakis, Nikos; Tian, Jun-Hua; Li, Ci-Xiu; Chen, Liang-Jun; Eastwood, Gillian; Diao, Xiu-Nian; Chen, Ming-Hui; Chen, Xiao; Qin, Xin-Cheng; Widen, Steven G; Wood, Thomas G; Tesh, Robert B; Xu, Jianguo; Holmes, Edward C; Zhang, Yong-Zhen (2016). "Divergent Viruses Discovered in Arthropods and Vertebrates Revise the Evolutionary History of the Flaviviridae and Related Viruses". Journal of Virology. 90 (2): 659–69. doi:10.1128/JVI.02036-15. PMC 4702705. PMID 26491167.
  23. ↑ Williams SH, Levy A, Yates RA, Somaweera N, Neville PJ, Nicholson J, Lindsay MDA, Mackenzie JS, Jain K, Imrie A, Smith DW, Lipkin WI (2020) Discovery of Jogalong virus, a novel hepacivirus identified in a Culex annulirostris (Skuse) mosquito from the Kimberley region of Western Australia. PLoS One 15(1):e0227114