Pankararú language

Pankararú
Brancararu
Native toBrazil
RegionPernambuco, Alagoas
Ethnicity8.184 Pankararú [pt] (2014), ?1,648 Pankararé (2014)
Extinctby 1961
Dialects
  • Pankararú
  • ?Pankararé
Language codes
ISO 639-3paz – inclusive code (Pankararú)
Individual code:
pax – Pankararé
Glottologpank1250  Pankararu
pank1235  Pankarare
Linguasphere89-CAA-a
Map of Tacaratu, where the Pankararu language was spoken

Pankararú (Pancaré, Pankaré, Pancaru, Pankaruru, Pankarará, Pankaravu, Pankaroru, Pankarú, Brancararu) is an extinct language, probably a language isolate, of eastern Brazil. There are 6,000 ethnic Pankararú, but they all speak Portuguese. In 1961, only two elders could remember anything of the language. Today, they live in Brejo dos Padres and other villages of Tacaratu, Pernambuco State. The language was originally spoken between the Moxotó River and the Pajeú River.

In the 19th century the people split into multiple ethnic groups, including the Pankararú and the Pankararé. One quarter of the Pankararé retain their traditional religion. Their language, however, is unattested, and can only be assumed to be a dialect of Pankararu. According to Meader (1978), the Pankararu regarded themselves as belonging to the "Macarú" nation.

Classification

Pankararú has no proven relatives and remains unclassified.

The original languages of the Jeriticó or Jiripancó, Koiupanká and Karuazu may have been related or identical to Pankararú. Kalankó (Cacalancó), with descendants now living in Água Branca, Alagoas, may have also been related to, or identical with, Pankararú.

Vocabulary

Nimuendajú (1935)

Curt Nimuendajú recorded a number of words in the "Macarú" language in an unpublished manuscript dated 16 March 1935. His wordlist is presented below.

gloss Macarú
God sansê
beautiful likim
tobacco poi
salt tuká
spoon foiá
bee arraó
water ginicaçí
smoking pipe matinadô
pig aleal
ox canarí
horse tiaparú
sheep pucheren
devil fenêkia
dog sará
dance clothing tonan
dancer praiá

Pompeu (1958)

Language variety from Pompeu (1958), originally collected by Carlos Estêvam:

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
"Brejo dos Padres"
fogofireobaí
águawaterjinikací; jatateruá; jai/já
brejoswampibiji/arôto
lagoapondjoo
terraearthjobají
pedrastonetóitú; ipá
salsalttuká
cachimbosmoking pipekuna kuní
cachimbo cerimonialceremonial pipematrinadô; matrigó
maracámaracakáma/kabá eyá
pinheiropineburúti
meninoboyjorã/óibo
parenterelativegôyáji
irmã e primasister and cousindakatái
onça pretablack jaguartupé
maracajámargaygwariatã
porcopigtarací
mocórock cavy
(Kerodon rupestris)
kewí
tatu-pebasix-banded armadillo
(Euphractus sexcinctus)
kuriépe
boioxkanarí
vacacowtú
ovelhasheeppusharé; sumui íra
passarinhosmall birdiushií
penafeathertik
ovoeggaji
papagaioparrotumaiatá
periquitoparakeetglyglilin
peixefishkamijo
abelhabeeaxxaó
madeira, pauwood, treedáka
florflowerbarkíra
milhocornta/mõni
tabaco, fumotobacco, smokepõi; ajó
bonitobeautifullimin

Carneiro ms.

Raimundo Dantas Carneiro included the following "Pankarurú" words in his manuscript, which were published by Čestmír Loukotka (1963). Cildo Meireles also collected some words around 1915; these were published by Estevão Pinto [fr].

gloss Carneiro in Loukotka Meireles in Pinto
fermented beverage ažuka ajucá
ritual dance toré toré
ritual garment tunã tunã
mask mumukabo mumucabo 'part of the costume of praiás'
large clay pipe kakikiá quaquiquá
small clay pipe quaqui
place for parties pôrô pôrô
name of a river maranga Maranga
sorcerer praias praiá
sorcerer title šupuñum xupunhum
sorcerer title bôkôdô pôcôdô
sorcerer title andaruré andaruré
sorcerer title tita tita
sorcerer title pankaré pancaré
Brejo dos Padres Žeripankó Jeripancó
Tacaratu Takaikó Tacaicô
Agua Maria Pedra Žakuasí
name of a stream Žitó Gitó
territory of the Pankararu Kankalangó Cancalangó
name of a hamlet Ikó Icó
name of a hamlet Pákiu Paquiú
name of a hamlet Sôrôngo Sorongo

Meader (1978)

Below is a 1961 word list of Pankarú (Pankararú) recorded in Brejo dos Padres by Wilbur Pickering from his informant João Moreno. The list is published in Meader (1978).

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Pankarú (Pankararú)
amareloyellowˈžúbʌ̀
pedra amarelayellow stoneitapurʌŋga
bocamouthūːřú kàˈtiŋ̄
minha bocamy mouthsɛ̄ ūˈřú
bomgoodkátù
ele é bomHe is good.ayɛ katu
o olho é bomThe eye is good.sảːkàtú kʸả̀
vocês são bonsYou (plural) are good.pɛ̄ñékātù / pɛ̃ñékátù
brancowhiteˈtíŋgʌ́
buracoholekʷàřà
cabeçaheaduukà
a cabeça é redondaThe head is round.muukɩ̀(ː)
cabelohairuŋkʸò
o cabelo é pretoThe hair is black.uŋkʸò àlóːkià
cachorrodogítōˈlókʸà
caminhoroadpɛ
carnemeatsóːō
casahouseókʰà
céuskytšᶦakɩ / aʌ̨nsɛ
cobrasnakefítš̭ˈàká / fítš̭iākà
coraçãoheart(úpíˈá) ūpia kàtú asu
cordaropeˈmúsúřʌ̨̀nʌ̨̀
dedo grandebig fingerkų̀ʌ̨́ kàtέ gàsú
dentetooth(tʌ̨̄ˈíŋkàtī)
diadayˈářà
ele / elahe / sheàyέ
eles, elastheyāìˈtá
este, estathiskʷa
euIšɛʔ
facaknifekⁱsɛ
fogofireˈpo
fumo (tabaco)smoke (tobacco)pɔi
pedra furadapierced stoneítákʷàřà
ele furou a orelhaHe pierced his ear.oː màlɩ́ ásò
homemmanaba
homem velhoold manábá ùmʌ̨̀
joelhokneeàˈlų́
o joelho está mauThe knee is bad.sātkālɩ́ ˈʔų́ː
línguatongue(mɛ̄āŋˈgā)
luamoonˈžasì
lua cheiafull moonkaiřɛ
lua novanew moonkatiti
mãemothersέʔžàʔ
mandiocacassavamʌ̨̀nˈdī
mãohandpɔ̄pitέkàí
marseapᵊřᵊˈnà
maubadpùší
meninagirlmítákų̄įˈʌ̨̀ / íādɛ̄doŋ̄kīˈà
meninoboyíādɛ̄dùˈà
milhomaizeávātì
moçagirlkų̀įʌ̨̀ mùkú
moça velhaolder girlkų̀įʌ̨̀ fìlìwà
mulherwomankų̀įʌ̨̄
nãonoų́hų̄
nariznosetákʷí
meu narizmy noseséˈtį̀
nossos narizes (meu e seu)our noses (inclusive)iānέʔtį̀
seu nariz (de você)your nosešέˈtį́
seu nariz (dele)his nosesέˈtį́ àyὲ
noitenightpīˈtų̀
nós, nossowe, ourìànέʔ
olho (pavɛořukya)eye(pavɛořᴜkʸa) sả̀ː
onçajaguaržáˈgʷà
orelhaearmōːkìhkʸà
pai (meu pai)father (my father)sέʔpāià
pedrastoneítà
pedra brancawhite stoneitatiŋga
pedra pretablack stoneítáʔų̀na
pernalegkóškì
pretoblackʔų́nʌ̨̄
redondoroundpúʌ̨̄
solsunkʷářásí
velhooldùmʌ̨̄
homem velhoold manábá úmʌ̨̀
moça velhaolder girlkų̀iʌ̨̀ fìlìwà
vós (vocês)youpὲˈñɛ̄
açúcarsugardódᵊsākà
cabragoatkářkíá
camaleãochameleonfìˈkíˈá
canelacinnamon(kālɛ̄ˈʔί̨ʌ) kia
coxolamekóš
dedofingerkų̄nˈkàtέ
farinhaflourkítsʰià
feijãobeannátsākā
gargantathroatgāɛ̄òˈŋkʸà
grossothicksábóó
lagartolizardšōá
macaxeiracassavaaipį́
morenodark-skinnedpìˈtùnà
queixochintʔíŋkʷˈí
simyesʌ̨̅hʌ̨́
??(pʌ̨̅ŋkārὲː)

References

  1. ↑ "Pankararu - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil". pib.socioambiental.org. Retrieved 2025-09-25.
  2. ↑ "Pankararé - Povos Indígenas no Brasil". pib.socioambiental.org. Retrieved 2025-09-25.
  3. 1 2 Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  4. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Pankararé". Glottolog 4.3.
  5. 1 2 Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International. Archived from the original on 2024-10-08. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  6. ↑ "Jiripancó - Povos Indígenas no Brasil". pib.socioambiental.org. Retrieved 2025-09-25.
  7. ↑ "Koiupanká". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  8. ↑ "Karuazu". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  9. ↑ "Kalankó". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  10. ↑ Nimuendajú, Curt (2000) [1930s]. Cartas do sertão de Curt Nimuendajú para Carlos Estevão de Oliveira (PDF). Lisboa: Museu Nacional de Etnologia Assírio & Alvim.
  11. ↑ Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz (1958). "Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos" (PDF). Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará). 2 (1): 3–19.
  12. ↑ Loukotka, Čestmír (1963). "Documents et vocabulaires inédits de langues et de dialectes sud-américains". Journal de la société des américanistes. 52 (1): 7–60. doi:10.3406/jsa.1963.2001.