Bahuana language

Bahuana
Ciriana, Barawana
Bahwana
Pronunciation[baɸu(w)ana]; [baɻuwana]
Native toBrazil
EthnicityShiriana people, Bahuana people
Extinctc. 2000, with the death of Claudina de Souza Soares
Arawakan
  • Central
    • Bahuanaic
      • Bahuana
Language codes
ISO 639-3xir
Glottologxiri1243
Linguasphere82-AFE-ca

Bahuana (Bahwana, Barawana), or Ciriana (Shiriana, Xiriâna, Chiriana), is an Arawakan language most closely related to Manao and Kariaí, once spoken by the Shiriana people and Bahuana people of Roraima, Brazil. It had an active–stative syntax. The last speaker, Claudina de Souza Soares, died around 2000.

Phonology

Consonants

Bahuana consonant phonemes
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p t c k ʔ ⟨'⟩
voiced b d ɟ
Fricative ɸ ts s ɕ ⟨x⟩ h
Nasal m n ɲ ⟨ñ⟩
Liquid w ɺ ⟨r⟩ j ⟨y⟩ ɻ ⟨R⟩

/ɸ/ is commonly labio-palatalized as [ɸᶣ] before front vowels and appears to be in free variation with the uncommonly attested [ꞵ].

Vowels

Bahuana vowel phonemes
Front Back
unrounded rounded
High i ɨ u
Low e a

Morphology

Bahuana, unlike most Arawakan languages, lacks grammatical gender. This is thought to be due to possible influence from Nheengatu.: 303 

Vocabulary

Bahuana basic vocabulary
Bahuana gloss
hɨɻa(tsɨ) blood
nikɨsaɨ heart
saɨ penis
(saba)taɨ vulva
taɨda skin
kiwici hair
kutabetsa
ciɲuma beard
tia excrement
kiwida head
naukɨsaɨ eye
kirina nose
numada mouth
ninima(da) tongue

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ramirez, Henri (1992). "Le Bahuana: une nouvelle langue de la famille arawak" (PDF). Amerindia. 17 supplement 1. ISSN 0221-8852.
  2. 1 2 Ramirez, Henry (2001-01-31). Linguas Arawak Da Amazonia Setentrional (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Fua. ISBN 978-85-7401-084-7.
  3. ↑ "Glottolog 5.2 - Xiriâna". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2025-11-07.
  4. ↑ Ramirez, Henri; França, Maria Cristina Victorino de (2019-09-23). "Línguas Arawak da Bolívia". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 19: e019012. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655045. ISSN 2177-7160.
  5. ↑ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
  6. ↑ Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2012-05-03). The Languages of the Amazon. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593569.003.0010. ISBN 978-0-19-959356-9.