Indian chess

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Indian chess is the name given to regional variations of chess played in India in the 18th and 19th centuries. It is distinct from chaturanga. There are several such variations, all quite similar to modern rules, with variants regarding castling, pawn promotion, etc.

Differences from Western chess

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	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Indian chess starting position, identical to the starting position of western chess except for the placement of the black king and queen

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Indian chess array: pieces are arranged in their traditional colours and faces, featuring the rook as a boat, minister as a ferz and elephant as an alfil. In many regional variants, however, these pieces adopt modern mobility, with the minister moving as a queen and the elephant as a bishop, rather than their restricted ancestral counterparts.

• The traditional pair of colours used are red and green. Red plays first. (This had remained unchanged within Persian Chatrang and Arab Shatranj too.) Even in some early modern chess sets from India where there were red and white pieces, Red always moved first.
• In the starting position, each king faces the opposing queen; from both players' viewpoints, their king is to the right of their queen, regardless of color. This is unlike western chess, where the kings face each other, as do the queens.
• The pawn's two-step initial move is absent in Indian chess; thus, the en passant capture is also absent. The pawn captures diagonally as Western chess.
• Normal castling with rook and king is absent. The unchecked king can make a knight's move once in a game, known as Indian castling or king's leap. This is used to make the king jump into protected wall of pawns of pieces, conceptually similar to castling.
• Moves of Queen and Bishop: In late 19th and 20th-century iterations of traditional Indian chess, European influence largely standardised the moves of the minister (queen) and elephant (bishop) to align with international modern standard; however, contemporary manuals do mention that, traditionally, these were the weakest pieces on the board: the minister (as its successor ferz) was limited to a single-step diagonal move, while the elephant (bishop) acted as an alfil, jumping exactly two squares diagonally and leaping over intervening pieces. These are the same moves mentioned in Mānasollāsa. The boat/chariot (rook), king, horse (knight) and pawn moves are the same.
• On reaching the opposite end of the board, a pawn is promoted to a piece of the type that began on that square. If it is promoted on the king's initial position, it is promoted to a queen. (On the contrary, in Chaturanga, as per Caturangadīpikā, the pawn becomes permanently frozen if it reach the king's square called Siṁhāsana.)
• Frozen Pawns: Although not a universal mandate, regional variants of traditional Indian chess enforced a strict conservation of pieces, likely dictated by the limitations of physical sets, ensuring a player could never exceed their initial material inventory. Consequently, should a pawn reach the final rank of a file whilst its corresponding piece type (such as both rooks, both knights, or the singular minister/queen) remains fully intact on the board, it enters a dormant, 'frozen' state. This immobile pawn remains vulnerable to capture as a standard pawn; however, should a piece of that corresponding type be subsequently lost, the frozen pawn instantly resurrects it without forfeiting a tempo, assuming the promoted piece's full capabilities on the ensuing turn. Thus, pawn promotion in this context operates fundamentally as piece resurrection. Notably, a pawn stationed on either bishop file may resurrect a bishop of either square colour, potentially resulting in two bishops navigating same-coloured diagonals; this illustrates that the law of material constancy governs solely the maximum quantity and type of pieces, rather than their specific positional or chromatic allocations.
• If there is only one piece remaining other than the kings, it may not be captured. Alternatively, it may be captured unless it is a pawn.
• When only the kings and pawns are left in play, the opponent may not give check, but they can win by stalemate. Alternatively, giving check is allowed, but the capture of the last pawn (which would result in a draw) is disallowed by the previous rule.
• The king cannot move until at least one check has been given, though this is a regional variation.

Names of the pieces

The following table describes one version of Indian chess terminology for the various pieces (including Hindi and Urdu pronunciations; orange indicates most common terminology in Hindi, green indicates that in Urdu, and brown indicates most common in both; and the pink indicates the most common name in Bengali):

See also

• Origins of chess
• Chaturaji, four-handed version of chaturanga
• Shatranj
• Xiangqi

References

Further reading

• Bhartiya Shatranj [in Hindi] by Dwarka Prasad Gupta. Published by Vangmaya Prakashan, Jaipur
• The History of Chess: from the Time of the Early Invention of the Game in India till the Period of its establishment in Western and Central Europe - The History of Chess: from the Time of the Early Invention of the Game in India till the Period of its establishment in Western and Central Europe