Lameta Formation

Lameta Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian
~70–66 Ma
Exposure of the Lameta Formation at its type locality of Lameta
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesIntertrappean Beds, Deccan Traps deposits
OverliesJabalpur Group or Precambrian Basement
Area5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi)
ThicknessVariable, typically 18–45 m (59–148 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryClaystone, sandstone limestone
OtherConglomerate
Location
Coordinates23°12′N 80°00′E / 23.2°N 80.0°E / 23.2; 80.0
Approximate paleocoordinates24°42′S 63°12′E / 24.7°S 63.2°E / -24.7; 63.2
RegionWestern India
CountryIndia
ExtentMadhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
Type section
Named forLameta Ghat
Lameta Formation is located in India
Lameta Formation
Lameta Formation
Lameta Formation
Lameta Formation
Lameta Formation
Lameta Formation
Lameta Formation
Lameta Formation (India)

The Lameta Formation, also known as the Infratrappean Beds (not to be confused with the contemporaneous Intertrappean Beds), is a sedimentary geological formation found in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh, India, associated with the Deccan Traps. It is of the Maastrichtian age (Late Cretaceous), and is notable for its dinosaur fossils.

History

The first fossils found in the Lameta Formation were discovered between 1917 and 1919.

The Lameta Formation was first identified in 1981 by geologists working for the Geological Survey of India (GSI), G. N. Dwivedi and Dhananjay Mahendrakumar Mohabey, after being given limestone structures–later recognised as dinosaur eggs–by workers of the ACC Cement Quarry in the village of Rahioli near the city Balasinor in the Gujarat state of western India.

Lithology

Paleoart of the Deccan trap illustrating the paleoenvironment of Lameta formation

The formation is underlain by the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary "Upper Gondwana Sequence" also known as the Jabalpur Formation, and is overlain by the Deccan Traps basalt. The Lameta Formation is only exposed at the surface as small isolated outcrops associated with the Satpura Fault. The lithology of the formation, depending on the outcrop, consists of alternating clay, siltstone and sandstone facies, deposited in fluvial and lacustrine conditions. The environment at the time of deposition has alternatively been considered semi-arid, or tropical humid.

Fossil content

Many dubious names have been created for isolated bones, but several genera of dinosaurs from these rocks are well-supported, including the titanosaur sauropods Isisaurus and Jainosaurus and the Abelisaurs Indosaurus, Indosuchus, and Rajasaurus and the Noasaurids Laevisuchus and ‘’Jubbulpuria’’. Synapsids are also known form the formation, such as the possibly late surviving Avashishta, possibly the last known non- mammalian synapsid the possibly youngest known stegosaurian ichnogenus Deltapodus, madtsoiid snakes and other fossils.

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs of Lameta Formation in which a group of Rajasaurus (Middle) hunting an Isisaurus (Middle) with an Indosuchus (bottom left) watching it with her chicks and a Laevisuchus (Bottom right) running with two Jainosaurus (Top Left) in the background
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text
crossed out taxa are discredited.

Ornithischians

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Ankylosauria? Indet. Indeterminate Rahioli Isolated vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, humerus, femur, and several armor fragments such as hollow lateral spikes and solid dorsal scutes. Described as a nodosaurid, but the limb bones are titanosaurian.
Brachypodosaurus B. gravis Chota Simla Hill "Humerus." May not be dinosaurian
Ceratopsia? Indet. Indeterminate Kheda Horncore base. Originally described as a ceratopsian horncore, but likely represents a theropod limb element or a dorsal rib of a theropod or a titanosauriform.
Deltapodus sp. Jetholi Solitary footprint. A Possible Late Cretaceous Stegosaur, Like Dravidosaurus.
Hypsilophodontidae? Indet. Indeterminate. Marepalli, Jabalpur Teeth and other materials. Hypsilophodontidae is not a natural grouping.
Ornithischia? Indet. Indeterminate Kheda GSI/GC/2905 Originally identified as an indeterminate ornithischian braincase. Later found out to be a Titanosaur dorsal vertebra.
Parankylosauria Indet. Indeterminate Rahioli A parankylosaur
Spheroolithus? sp. Polgaon,

Tidkepar

 Egg fossils. Questionably assigned to this genus

Sauropods

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Isisaurus I. colberti
  • Dongargaon Hill
  • Taunri
 Holotype skeleton consists of cervical, dorsal, sacral, caudal vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, scapula, coracoid, left forelimb, and other bones. Other specimens, such as the skull, hindlimb, and foot bones, are unknown. A lithostrotian titanosaur.
Isisaurus
Jainosaurus
Megaloolithus
Jainosaurus J. septentrionalis
  • Bara Simla
  • Taunri
 "Basicranium and partial postcranial skeleton." "Humerus and Femur". A colossosaurian titanosaur.
J. cf. septentrionalis Chhota Simla Partial skeleton including a rib fragrement, caudal centrum, humeri, radius and an articulated left limb.
Titanosaurus T. blanfordi
  • Bara Simla
  • Panchgaon
  • Pisdura Hill
 Caudal vertebrae. A dubious genus of titanosaur.
T. indicus
  • Bara Simla
  • Pisdura Hill
 Caudal Vertebrae, two partial rami of haemapophysis, partial left tibia, partial right fibula, and a partial referred femur.
T.? rahioliensis Rahioli Village About 34 teeth in total. Might not belong to this genus.
Megaloolithus M. cylindricus Chui Hill, Bara Simla, Nand region, Pavan, Ghorpend, Bagh Caves, Dhar, Indwan, Kadwal, Dholiya Raipuriya village, Akhada village, Jhaba village, Padlya village, Jhabua, Dohad, Jhalod, Garadi, Kheda, Rahioli, Dholi Dungri. Multiple specimens consist of fossilized egg shells that are covered in volcanic sediments Sauropod egg fossils
M. dhoridungriensis
M. jabalpurensis
M. khempurensis
M. megadermus
M. problematica
M. walpurensis
M. sp.
Titanosauriformes Indet. Indeterminate Ukala. Dorsal vertebrae, parts of the ilia and pelvis, and limb bones. A titanosauriform sauropod.
Sauropoda Indet. indeterminate Rahioli Several Humeri The humeri ranges from 70 to 85 cm in length, they have gracility index that ranges from 73 to 78.
Titanosauria Indet. indeterminate Temple Hill, Rahioli disarticulated remains. Discovered alongside the Rajasaurus holotype.
Bara Simla partial skeleton, consisting of limb bones(including a femur), girdles, vertebrae(including cervical and caudal vertebrae) and a braincase. An indeterminate Titanosaur.
Rajulwari village 9 to 10th caudal vertebrae and a nearly complete hindlimb(with femur, tibia, fibula and phalanges) that measures 2.1 metres. Orignally referred to Titanosaurus indicus.
Taunri Post Cranial material. Indeterminate titanosaurs.

Theropods

Abelisaurids
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Abelisauroidea Indet. Indeterminate Multiple specimens. Could be referred to Abelisauridae or Noasauridae.
Rajasaurus
Indosuchus
Rahiolisaurus
Abelisauridae Indeterminate Multiple specimens. Include form similar to Majungasaurus and forms similar to Carnotaurus.
Compsosuchus C. solus Bara Simla "Vertebrae" Previously considered a Noasaurid now considered an indeterminate Abelisaurid
Indosaurus I. matleyi Bara Simla Partial skeleton, including a partial skull. A majungasaurine abelisaurid
Dryptosauroides D. grandis Bara Simla "Vertebrae." A abelisaurd theropod
Ellipsoolithus E. khedaensis Kheda Eggs Theropod egg fossils.
Indosuchus I. raptorius Bara Simla Cranial remains, including two braincases, as well as a nearly complete skeleton. A abelisaurid theropod
Ornithomimoides O. barasimlensis Bara Simla "Vertebrae." A abelisaurid theropod
O. mobilis Bara Simla "Vertebrae"
Orthogoniosaurus O. matleyi Bara Simla "Tooth" A abelisaurid theropod
Rahiolisaurus R. gujaratensis Rahioli Village Cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, portions of pectoral and pelvic girdles, and several hind limb bones of different individuals. A brachyrostran abelisaurid
Rajasaurus R. narmadensis Temple Hill, Rahioli A partial skeleton consists of maxillae, premaxillae, braincase, and quadrate bone on the skull; and spine, hip bone, legs, and tail in post-cranial remains. A majungasaurine abelisaurid
Noasaurids
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Laevisuchus L. indicus Bara Simla Only vertebrae. A noasaurine noasaurid.
Noasaurinae Indet. Indeterminate Pisdura Hill A partial dentary. A noasaurine noasaurid.
Noasauridae Indet. Indeterminate Multiple specimens. May include femora from very large individuals.
Other Theropods
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Coeluroides C. largus Bara Simla "Isolated vertebrae." A Indeterminate theropod also known from Dabrazhin Formation of Kazakhstan
Jubbulpuria J. tenuis Bara Simla "Vertebrae." Likely junior synonym of Laevisuchus
?Megalosaurus Type A-E Rahioli Several teeth The overall length of the teeths ranges from 0.7 to 6 cm, all were originally identified as belonging to Megalosaurus,(beside GSI Type No. 19988 as it was identified as a Majungasaurus tooth). However a specimen(GSI Type No. 19996) may instead represent a troodontid.
Ornithomimidae? Indet. Indeterminate Bara Simla Ceratosaurian taxa from the Lameta Formation have been erroneously referred to ornithomimdae.
Theropoda Indet. Indeterminate GSI K27/572, fragmentary cervical vertebra. Initially described as allosauroid. But the researchers didn't classify it as an abelisaurid, possibly representing a member of a clade outside of abelisauroidea, the preserved height of the vertebra is 16 cm.
Trachoolithus T. faticanus Bara Simla Eggs. Theropod egg fossils.

Indeterminate or chimaeric taxa

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
"Dubeynarainsaurus" "D. sahni" Sirolkhal "Partial dentary with associated teeth." May instead be a pterosaur, proposed to be either belonging to the Infratrappean or Intertrappean beds, although if it were a pterosaur it would not be Maastrichtian.
Lametasaurus L. indicus Bara Simla "Sacrum, ilia, tibia." "Sacrum, ilia, tibia, spines, armor." Includes crocodylomorph, titanosaur scutes and possibly ankylosaurian osteoderms. Also includes abelisaurid material now removed from the type and is being assigned to the Rajasaurus.

Reptiles

Snakes

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Madtsoia M. pisdurensis Pidura Hill Upper A madtsoiid snake.
Sanajeh S. indicus Dholi Dungri A skull, precloaca vertebrae and ribs. A madtsoiid snake.
Sanajeh about to attack a titanosaur hatchling

Crocodylomorphs

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Dyrosauridae Indet. Indeterminate. Kisalpuri and Vikarabad. Vertebrae, eggs and teeth. A non-phosphatosaurinae dyrosaurid neosuchian.

Turtles

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Jainemys J. pisdurensis Pisdura hill A kurmademydin kurmademydine.
Pelomedusidae Indet. Indeterminate A turtle.

Mammals

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Avashishta A. bacharamensis Bacharam A haramiyid mammaliaform.

Fishes

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
Eoserranus E. hislopi Maharashtra "articulated specimens" A percomorph fish.
Lepisosteus L. indicus Maharashtra "partial skull" A lepisosteid fish.
Pycnodus P. lametae Maharashtra "articulated specimen and several teeth" A pycnodontid fish.

Mollusca

GenusSpeciesLocationNotes
Mollusca Indeterminate
Gastropoda Indeterminate
Viviparus V. normalis
Physa P. sp.
Paludina P. deccanensis
Lymnaea L. subulata
Unio U. sp.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Renne, Paul R.; Samant, Bandana; Mohabey, Dhananjay M.; Dhobale, Anup; Tholt, Andrew J.; Tobin, Thomas S.; Widdowson, Mike; Anantharaman, S.; Dassarma, Dilip Chandra; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2022-04-01). "New mammals from the Naskal intertrappean site and the age of India's earliest eutherians". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 591 110857. Bibcode:2022PPP...59110857W. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110857. ISSN 0031-0182.
  2. 1 2 F. v. Huene and C. A. Matley, (1933), "The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the Central Provinces of India", Palaeontologica Indica (New Series), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 21(1): 1-74
  3. 1 2 Wilson, J. A.; Sereno, P. C.; Srivastava, S.; Bhatt, D. K.; Khosla, A.; Sahni, A. (2003). "A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology University of Michigan. 31 (1): 1–42.
  4. ↑ Srivastava, Ashok K.; Mankar, Rupesh S. (January 2015). "Lithofacies architecture and depositional environment of Late Cretaceous Lameta Formation, central India". Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 8 (1): 207–226. Bibcode:2015ArJG....8..207S. doi:10.1007/s12517-013-1192-y. ISSN 1866-7511. S2CID 67851941.
  5. ↑ Kumari, Anjali; Singh, Seema; Khosla, Ashu (January 2021). "Palaeosols and palaeoclimate reconstruction of the Maastrichtian Lameta Formation, Central India". Cretaceous Research. 117 104632. Bibcode:2021CrRes.11704632K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104632. S2CID 224946979.
  6. ↑ Weishampel et al., 2004, pp.517-606
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  48. ↑ Anantharaman, S.; Wilson, G. P.; Sarma, D. C. Das; Clemens, W. A. (2006). "A Possible Late Cretaceous "Haramiyidan" from India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (2): 488–490. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[488:APLCHF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4524590.
  49. 1 2 Woodward, Arthur Smith; Diener, Carl; Cossmann, Maurice; Buckman, S. S. (1909). The Brachiopoda of the Namyau Beds, Northern Shan States, Burma: By S. S. Buckman. Sold at the Office of the Geological Survey.
  50. ↑ Mohabey, D. M., & Udhoji, S. G. (1996). "Pycnodus lametae (Pycnodontidae), a Holostean Fish from Freshwater Upper Cretaceous Lameta Formation of Maharashtra". Journal of Geological Society of India, 47(5), 593–598.

Bibliography