Timeline of the introduction of television in countries

A map showing when television was introduced in each country:
  1920s to 1930s
  1940s
  1950s
  1960s
  1970s
  1980s
  1990s
  2000s to 2010s
  2020s and after
  No television
  No data

This is a list of when the first publicly announced television broadcasts occurred in the mentioned countries. Non-public field tests and closed circuit demonstrations are not included.

This list should not be interpreted to mean the whole of a country had television service by the specified date. For example, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and the former Soviet Union all had operational television stations and a limited number of viewers by 1939. Very few cities in each country had television service. Television broadcasts were not yet available in most places.

History

1920s and 1930s

Year Countries and territories
Regular Pre-regular
1924
  •  United States (pre-experimental on television)
1928
1929
  •  United Kingdom (mechanical)
  • Germany Germany (mechanical)
  •  Australia (mechanical, after hours on two existing Melbourne radio stations - 3UZ and 3DB)
  •  Netherlands (mechanical, in Scheveningen)
1930
  •  Soviet Union (pre-experimental in Moscow wired in 1929)
1931
1932
  •  Argentina (mechanical)
  •  Canada
1934
1935
1936
1937
  •  Free City of Danzig (electronic)
  • Poland Poland (mechanical; Doświadczalna Stacja Telewizyjna)
1938
  •  Soviet Union (electronic, CT USSR)
  •  Turkey (electronic)
1939
  •  United States (electronic; non-commercial until 1941 - NBC)
  •  Japan (electronic, J2PQ)
  • Kingdom of Italy Italy (electronic, EIAR Trasmissioni Sperimentali Radiovisione)
  • Poland Poland (electronic)

1940s

Year Countries and territories
Regular Pre-regular
1943
  •  Uruguay (electronic)
1944
1946
1948
1949
  •  Denmark
  •  Italy

1950s

Year Countries and territories
Regular Pre-regular
1950
  •  West Germany
    •  Hamburg, Lower Saxony,  Schleswig-Holstein,  North Rhine-Westphalia, West Berlin (NWDR)
  •  Japan (returned, electronic, NHK)
  •   Switzerland
1951
  •  Argentina (LR3 TV)
  •  Denmark (DR)
  •  Netherlands (NTS)
  •  Soviet Union
    •  Russian SFSR (regular)
    •  Ukrainian SSR
1952
  •  Thailand (trials)
1953
  •  Chile (sporadically until 1959)
  • Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia
  •  Hungary
  •  United Kingdom
    •  Jersey (relays)
  •  Vatican City (HVJ)
1954
1955
1956
  •  Portugal (RTP)
1957
1958
1959
  •  Kuwait (pre-experimental)

1960s

Year Countries and territories
Regular Pre-regular
1960
1961
1962
1963
  •  Tunisia
1964
1965
  •  Tunisia (RTT)
1966
1967
1968
1969

1970s

Year Countries and territories
Regular Pre-regular
1970
1972
  •  United Kingdom
    •  Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (ZIZ)
1973
1974
1975
  •  United Kingdom
  •  Burundi (RTNB)
  •  United Kingdom
    •  Dominica (Cable & Wireless Dominica)
    •  Gilbert and Ellice Islands (foreign-owned launching)
  •  South Africa (SABC TV, test transmissions)
  •  Angola (experimental and regular programming, RPA)
1976
  •  Bahamas (experimental)
1977
1978
1979
  •  Equatorial Guinea (returned, TVGE)
  •  United States
    •  Federated States of Micronesia ( Yap (WAAB-TV))
    •  Marshall Islands (MBC)
  •  Sri Lanka (ITN Sri Lanka)
  • Myanmar Burma (test programming)
  •  Mozambique

1980s

Year Countries and territories
Regular Pre-regular
1980
  •  Mauritania (experimental)
1981
1982
1983
  •  Tonga (VAP-TV18, now defunct)
  •  Cape Verde (pre-experimental)
1984
  •  Cape Verde (TEVEC)
  •  Denmark
    •  Faroe Islands (SvF)
  •  Finland
    •  Åland (First channel of its own, TV Åland)
  •  Norway
  •  Portugal
  •  United Kingdom
    •  Tristan da Cunha (taped service)
1985
  •  Cameroon (CTV)
  •    Nepal (NTV)
  •  Australia
    •  Norfolk Island (relays from mainland Australia)
1986
1987
1988
  •  Botswana (GBC TV, in Gaborone),
1989

1990s

Year Countries and territories
Regular Pre-regular
1991
  •  Nauru (NTV)
  •  United Kingdom
1992
  •  Vanuatu (TBV)
1993
  •  Eritrea (Eri-TV)
  •  Palestine (Al-Salam TV and PBC)
  •  San Marino (First channel of its own, San Marino RTV)
  •  Slovakia (Post-independence, STVR)
  •  Vanuatu (TBV)
1994
1995
1997
  •  Somaliland (Somaliland Space Channel)
  •  United Kingdom
1999
  •  Tuvalu (limited service)

2000s and 2010s

Year Countries and territories
2000
  •  Botswana (BTV, national)
  •  Tonga (TV Tonga, national)
2001
  •  Tokelau (foreign channels, no local service)
  •  United Kingdom
    •  Tristan da Cunha (BFBS, live service)
2002
  •  Kiribati (TV Kiribati, native, but suspended from 2013 to 2018)
2006
2008
  •  Liechtenstein (First channel of its own, 1FLTV)
2009
  •  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (RASD TV)
2010
2011
  •  Australia
    •  Norfolk Island (First channel of its own, TVNI)
2014
  •  Donetsk People's Republic (Novorossiya TV)
  •  Luhansk People's Republic (Luhansk 24)
2018
  •  Kiribati (Kiri 1 TV, returned)
2019

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Although 180-line cathode ray tube receivers were manufactured in France in 1936, a mechanical scanning camera was still used at the transmitter in Paris until 1937.
  2. ↑ Off from 1940 to 1950 due to Japan's entry in the World War II and subsequent US occupation.
  3. ↑ Czechoslovakia became two separate states, namely the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993.
  4. ↑ Experimental transmissions conducted in Turin; the transmitter was later linked up to the newly-launched RAI television network in 1954.
  5. ↑ License auctioned to Silvio Santos and became SBT São Paulo in 1981.
  6. ↑ Limited to Istanbul. Ankara got television in 1968 when TRT started its television service. In 1971, ITU TV shut down and TRT started a station in Istanbul. From then on, a slow process to start a national service began.
  7. ↑ Dutch-language BRT used the Belgian 625-line standard and French-language RTB used the Belgian 819-line standard (abandoned in 1963). Early Belgian sets were very expensive because they could receive four different standards: Belgian 625, European 625, Belgian 819, French 819. Later a fifth standard was added with the French 625-line standard.
  8. ↑ Rollout for NHK started in 1953 in Kanto, 1954 in Tokai and Kansai and between 1956 and 1958 for the rest of Japan. For commercial TV, limited to Kanto from 1953 to 1955 (NTV and KRT) and spread between 1956 and 1963 to the rest of the country. Saga Prefecture only gained television (NHK and commercial) in 1969 due to overspill from neighboring prefectures and usage of UHF as the preferred band.
  9. ↑ Coverage was limited to Manila until 1959, and by 1972 had also reached Baguio, Batangas, Bacolod, Cebu and Davao. During the Martial Law that led into first ABS-CBN shutdown, there were still many regions in the Philippines that hadn't been electrified, making a total nationwide expansion unviable for years.
  10. ↑ Telesaar went defunct in 1958 per an order from the German authorities.
  11. ↑ Not considered to be the official beginning of Portuguese television.
  12. ↑ Closed after a few years, following the launch of BM-TV, and copyright issues with the content shown.
  13. 1 2 The channel launched in 1956 as a continuation of a project that had aired a public broadcast in May 1955 as the first television broadcast in Finland.
  14. ↑ The date refers to the launch of the television channel in republics and autonomous provinces of Yugoslavia, there were: RTV Zagreb in SR Croatia (1956), RTV Ljubljana in SR Slovenia (1958), RTV Sarajevo in SR Bosnia and Herzegovina (1961), RTV Belgrade in SR Serbia (1958), RTV Skopje in SR Macedonia (1964), RTV Titograd (Podgorica) in SR Montenegro (1964), and in SAP Kosovo (RTV Priština) and SAP Vojvodina (RTV Novi Sad) was introduced in 1975.
  15. ↑ Limited to Valparaíso until 1959, when Canal 2 started delivering a test broadcast in 1959 (resumed in 1961 as Canal 13); no TV outside central Chile when the basis for the Telenorte network began in Antofagasta in 1966; from 1968 to 1975, TVN built its own national network.
  16. ↑ Television was introduced in Hong Kong when it was a British crown colony until 1997. The Rediffusion service was a cable network until 1973, when it converted to terrestrial television.
  17. ↑ Date where relays from Italy became available.
  18. ↑ This station was the first in the Chinese world to be strictly terrestrial from the outset.
  19. ↑ Originally limited to Tehran area, later to Abadan, and from 1969, expanded to the whole nation. Television of Iran was absorbed into National Iranian Television in 1969; since the main network of the NIRT used a different frequency from TVI (which used channel 3) in Tehran, it's likely that the former TVI frequency was turned off.
  20. ↑ Until the launch of the first version of Telenorte in Antofagasta in 1966, television was limited to central Chile (Santiago and Valparaíso). The definitive roll-out of television outside of this region didn't start until late 1968, when TVN set up its first station in Arica months before it started definitive broadcasts, though in 1969, most of its network was concentrated in central Chile.
  21. ↑ Station shut down in 1972. The frequency was later occupied by Teleamazonas starting in 1974. RTS is often erroneously believed to be the first.
  22. ↑ Television was introduced in the Ryukyu Islands (now part of Japan), when they were under U.S. administration.
  23. ↑ The United Arab Republic was a short-lived political union between Egypt and Syria. The union began in 1958 and existed until 1961, when Syria seceded from the union.
  24. ↑ Ireland had received broadcasts from the United Kingdom since 1949.
  25. ↑ Station established in Kitwe by Lonrho, one of RTV's shareholders. With the independence of Zambia in 1965, a station was set up by ZNBC in Lusaka and the existing station joined the new corporation.
  26. ↑ Originally limited to Jakarta area, and from 1965, the island of Java as a whole. The first television station outside of the island, TVRI North Sumatera, opened in 1970, after receiving just overspill coming from West Malaysia. The introduction of the Palapa satellite greatly expanded TVRI's coverage in the 1970s and 1980s.
  27. ↑ This is the year when television was introduced in territories under its administration. After the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan and other islands, and Mainland China was controlled by the People's Republic of China.
  28. ↑ Gibraltar had previously received television broadcasts from Spain.
  29. 1 2 Previously received television broadcasts from Italy.
  30. ↑ Originally limited to most areas of Peninsular Malaysia; then in 1971 to Sabah and 1975 to Sarawak.
  31. ↑ Although the Isle of Man has received television signals since 1951, 1965 marked the first direct broadcast from a relay station built on the island. To date, no local television service has been set up and the island is served by BBC North West and ITV Granada (until 2009, ITV Border) with no local opt-outs.
  32. ↑ The Israeli Ministry of Education in co-operation with the Rothschild Fund started limited broadcasts to schools in March 1966. A public state-owned TV channel started broadcasting in May 1968. Broadcasts were black and white (with a few exceptions) until the early 1980s.
  33. ↑ now defunct and replaced by HTV.
  34. ↑ Successor of the prior RTV service in Lusaka, which started in 1961.
  35. ↑ SLTV relayed television broadcasts from Barbados. A local television station, HTS, wouldn't start until 1982.
  36. ↑ Station operated autonomously by the territorial production center of Televisión Española (TVE) in the region.
  37. ↑ Corresponds to the current Northern Mariana Islands.
  38. ↑ Was replaced by a cable network with the normal AFN Television channels in the mid 90s.
  39. ↑ Converted from the former cable service.
  40. ↑ Cable service. Dominica never had a terrestrial television service. Its monopoly in the market was broken in the early 80s by Marpin Telecoms, which is currently Digicel Dominica.
  41. ↑ These transmissions began in May 1975 and lasted up until 4 January 1976.
  42. ↑ Current Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
  43. ↑ The Bahamas had previously received broadcasts from the United States.
  44. ↑ Now believed to be under the jurisdiction of Radio-Televisão Timor Leste following the formal independence of the country in 2002.
  45. ↑ Off from 1973 to 1979.
  46. ↑ Replaced a cable company set up in 1975 when it was still under the control of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands and was shut down due to storm surges from a hurricane in 1979.
  47. ↑ Available only in Colombo in the network's early years.
  48. ↑ Test service available only in Yangon in 1979, and formally launched in 1981.
  49. ↑ Test held at FACIM 1979 in Maputo, with assistance from an Italian company.
  50. ↑ Corresponds to the current country of Namibia.
  51. ↑ After the dissolution of Bophuthatswana, the station was integrated into the SABC and later shut down.
  52. ↑ Television is available from Nong Khai city in Thailand since the mid-1970s.
  53. ↑ Off from 1991 to 2011 as the channel was suspended due to the civil war. During the interim, numerous private television stations appeared.
  54. ↑ Although the Vatican did not have a television service of its own until 1983, broadcasts from Italy had been received since 1954.
  55. ↑ Subscription service, shut down in 1987, during its existence it also faced competition from ASTL-TV3, itself a subscription service until the 1991 launch of the Oceania Broadcasting Network, ASTL-TV3 later shut down in 1996.
  56. ↑ Assets sold to the government of Niue in 1989 and converted to a free-to-air terrestrial operation, TV Niue.
  57. ↑ Established as a private operation from the US Trinity Broadcasting Network by arrangement with the Venda government. After apartheid ended, the station likely shut down and resumed in 1997 as a community station under IBA/ICASA rules (TBN Eastern Cape). That station later went national on DStv in 2002 but ended its ties with TBN in 2014, becoming Faith Broadcasting Network.
  58. ↑ Television broadcasts had also been received from Argentina.
  59. ↑ Television came to Fiji in part-time for the 1991 Rugby World Cup, and it arrived in full-time in 1994.
  60. ↑ Excludes occupied settlements and overspill coming from Jordan and Israel. Both Gaza and the West Bank are included.
  61. ↑ ATV's origins trace back to the early 90s as an opt-out in the local relay of TVC's second channel, Canal 33.
  62. ↑ Previously relayed broadcasts from Antigua and Barbuda.
  63. ↑ Previous served by a videotape service.
  64. ↑ Excluding the cable network installed by the PNCC in 1990.
  65. ↑ Liechtenstein previously received television broadcasts from Switzerland.
  66. ↑ RASD TV was established in February 2004, but didn't broadcast its regular transmissions until 2009.
  67. ↑ Became the national broadcaster upon independence in 2011.
  68. 1 2 Excludes local stations that existed before and were confiscated by the new regimes. Suspilne still has channels for the occupied areas, which as of 2024 are "temporarily occupied" according to the official stance of the Ukrainian government.

References

  1. ↑ "WRGB History".
  2. ↑ "How Television Came to Boston: The Forgotten Story of W1XAY".
  3. ↑ "W3XK: America's first television station".
  4. ↑ "WRNY to Start Daily Television Broadcasts". The New York Times. August 13, 1928. p. 13.
  5. ↑ "J.L. Baird: Television in 1932". Baird Television.
  6. ↑ Museum of Broadcast Communications: Germany
  7. ↑ "Berlin 1936: Television in Germany".
  8. ↑ Bielby, Peter. Australian TV – The First 25 Years. p. 173. ISBN 0-17-005998-7.
  9. ↑ "Linking a Nation Chapter 9". Australian Heritage Council. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20.
  10. ↑ Peter Luck, 50 Years of Australian Television ISBN 1-74110-367-3 p.15
  11. 1 2 "Eerste NTS journaal op de Nederlandse televisie". 5 January 2016.
  12. ↑ See Televisión mecánica en Argentina en 1932. Las experiencias de Ignacio M. Gómez por LR4 Radio Splendid de Buenos Aires
  13. ↑ "Timeline – national and state, 1927-1941". Brisbane Courier Mail. Archived from the original on February 15, 2008.
  14. ↑ The Birth of Live Entertainment and Music on Television, November 6, 1936
  15. ↑ 1937 RCA Publicity Photographs. "Eighty-seven video programs were telecast by NBC last year," "Where Is Television Now? Archived 2008-09-13 at the Wayback Machine", Popular Mechanics, August 1938, p. 178. Regularly scheduled electronic broadcasts began in April 1938 in New York (to the second week of June, and resuming in August) and Los Angeles. "Telecasts Here and Abroad," The New York Times, April 24, 1938, Drama-Screen-Radio section, p. 10; "Early Birds," Time, June 13, 1938; "Telecasts to Be Resumed," The New York Times, Aug. 21, 1938, Drama-Screen-Radio section, p. 10; Robert L. Pickering, "Eight Years of Television in California," California – Magazine of the Pacific, June 1939. Also note that many rural areas of the Southern United States didn't receive television until the late 1950s and early 1960s.
  16. 1 2 The Warsaw Voice: What's On? and Historia Przemysłowego Instytutu Telekomunikacji przed II wojną światową at the Wayback Machine (archived September 28, 2007) (in Polish).
  17. ↑ See The Evolution of TV: A Brief History of TV Technology in Japan: “Can you see me clearly?” Archived 2013-01-01 at the Wayback Machine; Public TV Image Experiments Archived 2016-05-26 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ↑ See Early Television in Italy
  19. ↑ 1943. Mario Giampietro. La primera emisión electrónica de TV en Uruguay y América Latina
  20. ↑ "Historia de la Televisión! | Primera transmisión en blanco y negro | Event view" [Latin America's first experimental television station] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
  21. ↑ See DRs historie 1950-1959.
  22. ↑ "Eerste NTS journaal op de Nederlandse televisie". 5 January 2016.
  23. ↑ "БСЭ, ст. «Телевидение»". Archived from the original on 2021-05-02. Retrieved 2026-07-13.
  24. ↑ "20,000 saw the first television in Bangkok". Singapore Standard (retrieved from NLB). 30 April 1952. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  25. ↑ "FACT CHECK: Hindi totoong babalik sa Channel 3 ang ABS-CBN". ABS-CBN (in Tagalog). 2025-02-07. Retrieved 2025-10-14.
  26. ↑ Francisco, Butch (February 6, 2024). "The Butcher, The odyssey of Channel 9". Pikapika.ph. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
  27. ↑ Com, Yabiladi (1 August 2019). "TELMA, the story of Morocco's first and short-lived television channel". en.yabiladi.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  28. ↑ "Lajes more than speck in television history". Air Force. 19 October 2004. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  29. ↑ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1957. p. 280. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  30. ↑ Keinonen, Heidi (2011). Kamppailu yleistelevisiosta. TES-TV:n, Mainos-TV:n ja Tesvision merkitykset suomalaisessa televisiokulttuurissa 1956–1964 (in Finnish). Tampere: Tampere University Press. ISBN 9789514483684.
  31. ↑ Herrera Palacios, Antonio (October 1998). "Un breve recorrido por la televisión en El Salvador" [A Brief Tour of Television in El Salvador]. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  32. ↑ Cheurfi, Achour (4 February 2011). Radio et télévision : histoire d'un monopole (in French). Algiers: Casbah Éditions (published September 2010). pp. 88–148.
  33. ↑ "Primeros". La Prensa. 11 September 2006. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  34. ↑ "¿Cómo fue la llegada de la pantalla chica a Panamá? - Nacional - title.suffix.trans". Archived from the original on 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  35. ↑ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1957. p. 281. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  36. 1 2 "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1966. p. 856-b. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  37. ↑ "Megahertz" (PDF). March 1984. p. 32. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  38. ↑ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1963. p. 745. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  39. ↑ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1966. p. 856-b. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  40. 1 2 "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1971. p. 1056-b. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  41. ↑ Houidi, Fethi; Najar, Ridha (1983). Presse, radio et télévision en Tunisie (in French). Maison tunisienne de l'édition. p. 113.
  42. ↑ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1969. p. 928-b. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  43. ↑ Driss, Neila (1 February 2021). "Naissance de la Télévision Tunisienne". Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  44. ↑ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1969. p. 928-b. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  45. ↑ "World Communications" (PDF). UNESCO. 1975. p. 192. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  46. ↑ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1971. p. 1048-b. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  47. ↑ Antarctic Journal of the United States. January–February 1974. p. 29. ISBN 9780786451982 – via Google Books.
  48. ↑ Mass Media and the Caribbean. Taylor & Francis. 1990. ISBN 978-2-88124-447-6. Retrieved 24 September 2025.
  49. ↑ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1976. p. 1077-b. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  50. ↑ "Television Factbook" (PDF). 1984. p. 1381. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  51. ↑ عن المؤسسة - موقع التلفزة الموريتانية. tvm.mr (in Arabic). Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  52. ↑ "Media in Seychelles". Seychelles Media Commission. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
  53. ↑ Louise M. Bourgault (22 June 1995). Mass Media in Sub-Saharan Africa. Indiana University Press. pp. 104–. ISBN 0-253-11309-1.
  54. ↑ http://www.radiotv.ax/om-alands-radio (Swedish)
  55. ↑ "Fikk se TV i opptak uker etter fastlandet". Svalbardposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  56. ↑ Winchester, Simon (2003) [originally published 1985]. Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire. p. 85.
  57. ↑ TV comes to Norfolk Islands, Pacific Islands Communication Journal, December 1984
  58. ↑ "LTV starts broadcasting for the first time - lesothotribune". 7 September 2022.
  59. ↑ "Botswana Television (BTV) Negotiating Control and Cultural Production in a Globalising Context: A Political Economy of Media State Ownership in Africa" (PDF). University of Kwa-Zulu Natal. March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  60. ↑ "Guiné-Bissau: Televisão celebra 17º aniversário com 14 horas de emissão". Agência Angola Press. 15 November 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  61. ↑ LUSA (Agência de Notícias de Portugal, S.A.) (14 November 2007). "Único canal de televisão da Guiné-Bissau comemora 18 anos". Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  62. ↑ "Where it all began – 1980s and 1990s". BFBS. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  63. ↑ "They were the first: on December 8, 1992, television appeared in South Ossetia". Государственное информационное агентство "Рес" (in Russian). 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  64. ↑ "Somaliland National Television". somalilandlaw.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2004.
  65. ↑ "World Communications" (PDF). UNESCO. 1975. p. 181. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  66. ↑ "Bhutan TV Follows Cyber Launch". BBC News. 2 June 1999.
  67. ↑ "At the Crossroads: Freedom of Expression in Malawi" (PDF). Article 19. March 2000. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  68. ↑ "TUVALU: 2002 Economic and Public Sector Review" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. November 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  69. ↑ Rajan, Narini (23 April 2012). The Digitized Imagination: Encounters with the Virtual World. Taylor & Francis. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-136-51633-7.
  70. ↑ Pitcairn Island as a Port of Call. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. March 23, 2012. ISBN 978-0-7864-8822-3. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  71. ↑ "Sahrawis launch national television". Afrol News. 2009-05-21. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
  72. ↑ "About TV-CARIB". TV-CARIB. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  73. ↑ "Occupied Territories of Ukraine: Russia propaganda machine continues to absorb local media". Reporters Without Borders. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  74. ↑ "Kiribati TV venture hopes to connect islands". RNZ. 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  75. ↑ "Tuvalu Parliament sessions go live". Radio New Zealand. 29 November 2019. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2024.