Jet (fluid)

Jets from a pump-jet on a ferry.
A relativistic jet emitted from galaxy M87, as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope.

A jet is a stream of fluid that is projected into a surrounding medium, usually from some kind of a nozzle, aperture or orifice. Jets can travel long distances[quantify] without dissipating.

Jet fluid has higher speed compared to the surrounding fluid medium. In the case that the surrounding medium is assumed to be made up of the same fluid as the jet, and this fluid has viscosity, some of the surrounding fluid is carried along with the jet in a process called entrainment.

Some animals, notably cephalopods, move by jet propulsion, as do rocket engines and jet engines.

Applications

Liquid jets are used in many different areas. In everyday life, typical applications include the water tap, the showerhead, and from spray cans. In agriculture, they play a role in irrigation and in the application of crop protection products. In medicine, liquid jets are used in injection procedures or inhalers. Industrial uses liquid jets for waterjet cutting, for coating materials or in cooling towers. Atomized liquid jets are essential for the efficiency of internal combustion engines. But they also play a crucial role in research, for example in the study of proteins, phase transitions, extreme states of matter, laser plasmas, High harmonic generation, and also in particle physics experiments. Also some animals, notably cephalopods, move by jet propulsion. Gas jets are found in rocket engines and jet engines. Microscopic liquid jets have been studied for their potential application in noninvasive transdermal drug delivery.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Definition of JET". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
  2. ↑ Swain, Prakash Chandra (2016). "Fluid Dynamics Lecture Notes" (PDF). www.vssut.ac.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2026.
  3. ↑ Frauke Bierau; et al. (2010), "Catching Proteins in Liquid Helium Droplets", Physical Review Letters, vol. 105, no. 13, p. 133402, arXiv:1008.3816, Bibcode:2010PhRvL.105m3402B, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.133402, PMID 21230773, S2CID 2997921
  4. ↑ Matthias Kühnel; et al. (2011), "Time-Resolved Study of Crystallization in Deeply Cooled Liquid Parahydrogen", Physical Review Letters, vol. 106, no. 24, p. 245301, Bibcode:2011PhRvL.106x5301K, doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.245301, hdl:10261/36971, PMID 21770578
  5. ↑ Neumayer, P; et al. (2012), "Evidence for ultra-fast heating in intense-laser irradiated reduced-mass targets", Physics of Plasmas, vol. 19, no. 12, p. 122708, Bibcode:2012PhPl...19l2708N, doi:10.1063/1.4772773
  6. ↑ R. A. Costa Fraga; et al. (2012), "Compact cryogenic source of periodic hydrogen and argon droplet beams for relativistic laser-plasma generation", Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 83, no. 2, p. 025102, arXiv:1109.0398, Bibcode:2012RScI...83b5102F, doi:10.1063/1.3681940, PMID 22380120, S2CID 22165191
  7. ↑ T.T. Luu; Z. Yin; et al. (2018), "Extreme–ultraviolet high–harmonic generation in liquids", Nature Communication, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 3723, Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3723L, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06040-4, PMC 6137105, PMID 30213950{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Gianluigi Boca (2014), "The PANDA experiment: physics goals and experimental setup", EPJ Web of Conferences, vol. 72, p. 00002, Bibcode:2014EPJWC..7200002B, doi:10.1051/epjconf/20147200002
  9. ↑ Postema M, van Wamel A, ten Cate FJ, de Jong N (2005). "High-speed photography during ultrasound illustrates potential therapeutic applications of microbubbles". Medical Physics. 32 (12): 3707–3711. Bibcode:2005MedPh..32.3707P. doi:10.1118/1.2133718. PMID 16475770. S2CID 46536082.