Jindong Formation

Jindong Formation
Stratigraphic range: Cenomanian-Turonian
~100–93 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofHayang Group
UnderliesYucheon Group (volcanics)
OverliesHaman Formation
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone, siltstone
OtherSandstone, shale
Location
Coordinates35°24′N 128°24′E / 35.4°N 128.4°E / 35.4; 128.4
Approximate paleocoordinates44°42′N 122°54′E / 44.7°N 122.9°E / 44.7; 122.9
RegionGyeongsangnam-do
CountrySouth Korea
ExtentGyeongsang Basin
Jindong Formation is located in South Korea
Jindong Formation
Jindong Formation (South Korea)

The Jindong Formation (Korean: 진동층; Hanja: 鎭東層; RR: Jindong-cheung) is a geological formation located in South Korea. It is dated to the Cenomanian-Turonian stages of the Late Cretaceous, between 99.9 ± 0.7 Ma and 93.1 ± 0.3 Ma.

Geological background

The Jindong Formation consists of thick, fine-grained, altered volcaniclastic sediments. Most of these sediments are ash-rich mudstone, siltstone, and very fine sandstone. There are also coarser sandstone, conglomerate, carbonates, and tuff.

Paleontology

The Jindong Formation has yielded numerous of dinosaurs and bird tracks. Ichnofossils including unnamed tracks of sauropods and pterosaurs, the isolated sauropod skin impression not associated with trackways, and the poorly preserved juvenile sauropod trackway with no ichnotaxon assignment have been reported.

Ichnofossils of the Jindong Formation
Ichnogenus Ichnospecies Region Member Material Notes Image
Brontopodus B. isp. Sauropod tracks
Caririchnium C. isp. Ornithopod tracks
Goseongornipes G. markjonesi Bird tracks
Gyeongsangornipes G. lockleyi Bird tracks
Hadrosauropodus H. kyoungsookimi The first trackway of a quadrupedal ornithopod discovered in Korea, originally attributed to the ichnogenus Caririchnium.
Jindongornipes J. kimi Bird tracks
Koreanaornis K. hamanensis Bird tracks
Ornithopodichnus O. masanensis Currently regarded as dubious ichnotaxon made by ornithopod trackmakers.
cf. Ruopodosaurus cf. R. isp. Ankylosaur trackway, possibly made by (sub)adult Ankylosaurid trackmaker
Undichna
  • U. simplicatis
  • U. bina
  • U. britannica
 Fish swim traces

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lee, Tae-Ho; Park, Kye-Hun; Yi, Keewook (October 2018). "Nature and evolution of the Cretaceous basins in the eastern margin of Eurasia: A case study of the Gyeongsang Basin, SE Korea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 166: 19–31. Bibcode:2018JAESc.166...19L. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.07.004. S2CID 135061525.
  2. ↑ Chae, Yong-Un; Choi, Taejin; Joo, Young Ji; Kim, Kyung Soo; Ha, Sujin; Lim, Hyoun Soo (2026). "Effective application of multidimensional scaling for detrital zircon geochronology in the southern Miryang Subbasin, Gyeongsang Basin, Korea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 299 106954. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2026.106954.
  3. ↑ Houck, Karen J.; Lockley, Martin G. (February 2006). "Life in an active volcanic arc: Petrology and sedimentology of dinosaur track beds in the Jindong Formation (Cretaceous), Gyeongsang Basin, South Korea" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 27 (1): 102–122. Bibcode:2006CrRes..27..102H. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.004.
  4. ↑ Huh, Min; Hwang, Koo Geun; Paik, In Sung; Chung, Chull Hwan; Kim, Bo Seong (June 2003). "Dinosaur tracks from the Cretaceous of South Korea: Distribution, occurrences and paleobiological significance". Island Arc. 12 (2): 132–144. Bibcode:2003IsArc..12..132H. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1738.2003.00386.x.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lockley, Martin G.; Houck, Karen; Yang, Seong-Young; Matsukawa, Masaki; Lim, Seong-Kyu (February 2006). "Dinosaur-dominated footprint assemblages from the Cretaceous Jindong Formation, Hallyo Haesang National Park area, Goseong County, South Korea: Evidence and implications" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 27 (1): 70–101. Bibcode:2006CrRes..27...70L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.010.
  6. ↑ Hwang, Koo-Geun; Huh, Min; Paik, In Sung (June 2004). "Sauropod trackways from the Cretaceous Jindong Formation at Docheon-ri, Changnyeon-gun, Geongsagnam-do, Korea". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea. 40 (2): 145-159.
  7. ↑ Ha, Sujin; Chae, Yong-Un; Lim, Jong Deock; Kim, Cheong-Bin; Lim, Hyoun Soo; Kim, Kyung Soo (30 October 2018). "Cretaceous Pterosaur Tracks in Daegok-ri, Ulju-gun, Ulsan: Spatio-temporal Distribution of Pterosaur in the Korean Peninsula". Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society. 39 (5): 458–472. doi:10.5467/JKESS.2018.39.5.458.
  8. ↑ Kim, Jeong Yul; Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Seo, Seung Jo (July 2010). "Dinosaur skin impressions from the Cretaceous of Korea: New insights into modes of preservation". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 293 (1–2): 167–174. Bibcode:2010PPP...293..167K. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.012.
  9. ↑ Yoon, H. S.; Lee, Y.-N.; Park, E.; Lee, S. (2024). "A small sauropod trackway from the Upper Cretaceous Jindong Formation (Cenomanian), Goseong County, South Korea". Cretaceous Research. 166. 106022. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.106022.
  10. ↑ Xing, Lida; Díaz-Martínez, Ignacio; Lallensack, Jens N.; Kim, Kyung Soo; Buckley, Lisa G.; Romilio, Anthony; Piñuela, Laura; Wang, Donghao; Chen, Qiyan; Yang, Qing; Chou, Chunyong; Yin, Hang; Jin, Yufei (2025). "Cretaceous vertebrate tracks". Vertebrate Ichnology: 479–747. doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-13837-9.00002-0. ISBN 978-0-443-13837-9.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  11. ↑ Kim, Jeong Yul; Kim, Min Kyeong; Oh, Mun Seop; Lee, Chang Zin (3 April 2013). "A New Semi-Palmate Bird Track, Gyeongsangornipes lockleyi ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., and Koreanaornis from the Early Cretaceous Jindong Formation of Goseong County, Southern Coast of Korea". Ichnos. 20 (2): 72–80. Bibcode:2013Ichno..20...72K. doi:10.1080/10420940.2013.787071.
  12. ↑ Yoon, Han Sang; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Jung, Seung-Ho; Kong, Dal-Yong; Kim, Su-Hwan; Son, Minyoung (2021). "A juvenile ornithopod-dominated tracksite from the Lower Cretaceous Haman Formation, South Korea". Cretaceous Research. 125 104877. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104877.
  13. ↑ Lim, Jong-Deock; Lockley, Martin G.; Kong, Dal-Yong (March 19, 2012). "The Trackway of a Quadrupedal Ornithopod from the Jindong Formation (Cretaceous) of Korea". Ichnos. 19 (1–2): 101–104. Bibcode:2012Ichno..19..101L. doi:10.1080/10420940.2012.664059. S2CID 129058417.
  14. ↑ Kim, Jeong Yul; Lockley, Martin G.; Kim, Haang Mook; Lim, Jong-Deock; Kim, Kyung Soo (December 2009). "New dinosaur tracks from Korea, Ornithopodichnus masanensis ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. (Jindong Formation, Lower Cretaceous): implications for polarities in ornithopod foot morphology". Cretaceous Research. 30 (6): 1387–1397. Bibcode:2009CrRes..30.1387K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.08.003.
  15. ↑ Yoon, Han Sang; Kim, Hyun Wook; Park, Jin-Young; Jung, Seung-Ho; Kong, Dal-Yong; Lee, Yuong-Nam (2025). "First reports of a probable ankylosaurian (Thyreophora) trackway from the Jindong Formation (Cenomanian) of Goseong County, South Korea". Cretaceous Research. 106240. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106240.
  16. ↑ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Romilio, Anthony; Bae, Seul Mi; Lim, Jong Deock (1 March 2022). "Fish swim traces from the Jindong Formation (Cretaceous) Korea: Implications for lake basin ichnofacies and paleoecology". Cretaceous Research. 131 105070. Bibcode:2022CrRes.13105070K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105070.