Jinju Formation

Jinju Formation
Stratigraphic range: Albian
~112.4–106.5 Ma
Outcrop of the Jinju Formation in Jinju
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofShindong Group
UnderliesChilgog Formation in Miryang Subbasin; Iljig Formation in Euiseong Subbasin
OverliesHasandong Formation
Thickness600–1,800 m (2,000–5,900 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryShale
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates35°06′N 128°06′E / 35.1°N 128.1°E / 35.1; 128.1
Approximate paleocoordinates44°18′N 122°42′E / 44.3°N 122.7°E / 44.3; 122.7
RegionGyeongsang Province
CountrySouth Korea
ExtentGyeongsang Basin(ko:경상 분지)
Type section
Named forJinju
Named byTateiwa, 1929
Jinju Formation is located in South Korea
Jinju Formation
Jinju Formation (South Korea)

The Jinju Formation (Korean: 진주층; Hanja: 晋州層), also known as the Dongmyeong Formation (Korean: 동명층; Hanja: 東明層) in some literature is a Lower Cretaceous formation in South Korea. Lithology of the Jinju Formation could be distinguished from overlying and underlying formations by lack of red beds in the entire formation.

The Distribution of the Jinju Formation

The depositional age of this formation spans from approximately 112.4 ± 1.3 to 106.5 million years ago (early Albian) based on detrital zircon U-Pb dating. It predominantly consists of black shale, with sandstone packets, deposited in a fluvial-lacustrine setting. The entire paleoenvironment of the Jinju Formation is interpreted as a balanced-fill lake basin, with deltas and streams.

A diverse arthropod fauna, including isopods, spiders, and insects, is known from the formation. Other notable fossils known from the formation include several freshwater fishes, ostracods, and plants. This formation has also "attracted global ichnological attention" for the variety of important ichnofossils. Columnar and rod-shaped stromatolites have also been found here.

Fossil content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Plants

Based on plant fossil records, the Jinju Flora is interpreted as a temperate intermontane savannah, due to mountain barriers blocking moisture. The assemblage was dominated by stress-tolerant, low-diversity flora adapted to the arid conditions or to localized waterlogged niches. Not only restricted to the Jinju Formation, but the entire floral diversity was relatively low throughout the entire Gyeongsang Supergroup. Palynofossil records also suggest the Jinju Formation was overall arid.

Unnamed plant remains include 3 different types of unidentified ferns, at least 2 types of seed cones, a conifer pollen cone, detached conifer seed cone scales, a connate bractate organ of unknown affinity, and at least 9 different types of diaspores, including winged forms and likely fleshy forms.

Plants of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Equisetum

E. cf. burchardti

 Horsetail
E. sp.
Equisetites E. naktongensis Horsetail
Hausmannia H. sp. Dipteridaceae fern
cf. Klukia cf. K. sp. Schizaeaceae fern
Ruffordia R. sp. Schizaeaceae fern
Onychiopsis O. elongata leptosporangiate fern
Cladophlebis

C. sp. A

 Fern, family unknown.
C. sp. B
C. sp. C
C. sp. D
C. sp. E
Sphenopteris

S. sp. A
S. sp. B
S. sp. C
Sectilopteris

S. sp. A
S. sp. B
Pseudofrenelopsis P. sp. Scale- and awl-leaved Cheirolepidiaceae conifer
Platycladium P. sp. Scale- and awl-leaved conifer, family unknown. Cupressinocladus sp. described in Kim 2009 might allied with this taxon.
Geinitzia G. sp. A Divergent-leaved Geinitziaceae conifer
G. sp. B
Pagiophyllum P. sp. A Scale- and awl-leaved conifer, family unknown.
P. sp. B
Elatocladus E. sp. A Divergent-leaved conifer, family unknown.
E. sp. B
Pityophyllum P. sp. A Divergent-leaved conifer
P. sp. B
Brachyphyllum B. japonicum Scale- and awl-leaved conifer, family unknown.
B. sp. A
B. sp. B
B. sp. C
Cupressinocladus C. sp. A Scale- and awl-leaved conifer. The presence of this taxon indicates that a mixed type of the Tetori-Type and the Ryoseki-Type flora existed in this formation.
C. sp. B
Podozamites P. sp. Broadleaf conifer, family unknown.
Krassilovia K. sp. Seed cones Krassiloviaceae conifer
cf. Elatides cf. E. sp. Seed cones Cupressaceae conifer
Pityospermum P. sp. A diaspore Pinaceae conifer
Desmiophyllum D. sp. Non-conifer broadleaf gymnosperm, family unknown.
Doylea D. sp. Bifurcated seed-bearing cupulate unit Doylealean gymnosperm
Jarudia J. sp. Seed-bearing cupulate unit with 2 distal seeds Doylealean gymnosperm
Umaltolepis U. sp. Seed-bearing capulate units Possible Ginkgoopsid

Spiders

Spiders of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Korearachne K. jinju Sacheon likely to be a lycosoid
Koreamegops K. samsiki Jinju and Sacheon a lagonomegopid
Jinjumegops J. dalingwateri Jinju a lagonomegopid
Mygalomorphae Indeterminate Sacheon
Araneomorphae Indeterminate
Palpimanoidea Indeterminate
"Cribellate Entelegynae" "species 1" Jinju
"species 2"

Insects

Odonata

Dragonflies and damselflies of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Hemeroscopus H. baissicus Sacheon, Gunwi and Jinju Both nymphs and adults

H. jinjuensis

 Sacheon Two wings
Koreapodagrion K. coloratus Jinju Isolated wings

Dermaptera

Earwigs of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
cf. Pygidicranoidea indeterminate

Orthoptera

Orthopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Panorpidium P. spica A member of Elcanidae

Dictyoptera

Dictyopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Cretophotina C. smidovae A member of Mantodea
Juramantis J. jinjuensis
J. geongonrigam
Bubosa B. petrarosa A member of Blattidae
Neoblattella N. coockrock A member of Ectobiidae
Perlucipecta P. jinjuicola A member of Mesoblattinidae
P. cyclopica
P. major
Praeblattella P. tinctoria
P. decolor
Mongoloblatta M. koreaensis
Archimesoblatta A. basopicta
Spinaeblattina S. variabilitta
Jinjublatta J. cascadaerrorum
Stictolampra S. baqueuii A member of Blaberidae
Holocompsa H. scleroptera A member of Corydiidae
Ioouoonool I. taktobybolo
Asioblatta A. jeongchonensis A member of Raphidiomimidae
Cameloblatta C. immaculata
Tayphoonoblatta T. correntini
Elongatoblatta E. minsuki
Ano A. ale A member of Liberiblattinidae
Brutalista B. masivny
Blattula B. pessimusestfinis A member of Blattulidae
Elisama E. baeki
E. simplex
E. gwanghyeoni
Ocellonlattula O. gyongsangensis
Vrtula V. jinjuensis
V. gwanghyeonensis
Memento M. futuri A member of Caloblattinidae
Sclerotermes S. samsiki Jinju A termite known only from an isolated wing, uncertain placement
Umenocoleus U. minimus A member of Umenocoleidae
Pseudoblattapterix P. weoni
Petropterix P. koreaensis
P. oculata
P. nikdyviac
Blattapterix B. reticulata
Alienopterus A. imposter A member of Alienopteridae
Recyklovany R. koltoc
Caputoraptor C. ganggu
Indeterminate 5 indeterminate taxa

Hemiptera

Hemipterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Corixidae indeterminate Sacheon Not fully described
Jinjucixius J. fui Jinju and Gunwi A member of Cixiidae
Jinjupopovina J. eosahwae Jinju A member of Yuripopovinidae

Hymenoptera

Hymenopterans of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Korehelorus K. jinjuensis Jinju A parasitic wasp belonging to the family Heloridae
Hanguksyntexis H. haeretica A sawfly belonging to the family Anaxyelidae
Cretosphecium C. jinjuensis A wasp belonging to the family Angarosphecidae
Ghilarella G. jinjuensis Sepulcidae wasp
Meiaghilarella M. stanislawlemi

Raphidioptera

Snakeflies of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Mesoraphidia M. koreensis A member of Mesoraphidiidae
M. phantasma

Neuroptera

Lacewings of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Tachinymphes T. koraiensis A member of the family Mesochrysopidae.
Araripeneura A. asiatica A member of Araripeneuridae
Araripenymphes A. koreicus A member of Cratosmylidae

Coleoptera

Beetles of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Coptoclava C. spinosa Jinju and Gunwi Larval remains abundant; Adult remains relatively rare A member of the extinct family Coptoclavidae.
Megalithomerus M. magolhalmii A member of Elateridae
Koreagrypnus K. jinju
Cryptocoelus C. minimus
Cretosaja C. jinjuensis A member of Silphidae
Notocupes N. premeris A member of Archostemata
Asiana A. pax
Brochocoleus B. sacheonensis A member of Ommatidae
B. cf. punctatus
Omma O. sp.
Zygadenia Z. cornigera
Laetopsia L. leei A member of Hydrophiloidea
L. cf. hydraneoides
L. sp.
Cretotaenia C. pallida
Psacodromeus P. recta A member of Trachypachidae
Necronectulus N. lazarus


Diptera

Flies of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Buccinatormyia B. gangnami A member of the family Zhangsolvidae. Named after Gangnam Style, the famous K-Pop hit song

Crustaceans

Isopoda

Isopods of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Archaeoniscus A. coreaensis Sacheon and Jinju A freshwater occurrence of the genus Archaeoniscus

Ostracoda

Ostracods of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Scabriculocypris S. yanbianensis Jinju
Cypridea C. jinjuria Jinju
C. khandae Jinju and Sacheon
C. samesi Jinju
Mongolocypris M. kohi Jinju
Lycopterocypris L. cf. celsa Jinju
Candona C. sp. Jinju
Djungarica D. sp. Jinju
Rhinocypris R. sp. Chilgok Previously assigned to as Ilyocypris sp.

Spinicaudata

Clam shrimps of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Yanjiestheria Y. kyongsangensis
Y. chekiangensis
Y. cf. wannanensis
Y. jinjuensis
Y. sp.

Vertebrates

Source:

Actinopterygii

Fishes of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Wakinoichthys W. aokii Multiple complete skeletons An osteoglossiform
Jinjuichthys J. cheongi Jinju Articulated skeletons A possible ichthyodectiform, though this classification remains controversial
Albuliformes indeterminate
Sinamia S. sp. Articulated incomplete tail An amiiform
Lepidotes L. sp. Articulated skeleton, missing the anterior part of the head Largest fish found in this formation, reaching 40 cm (1.3 ft) in total length.
Elopiformes indeterminate A small fish, reaching 3 cm (1.2 in) in total length.

Reptiles

Reptiles of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Crocodyliformes indet. Goryeong a right mandible
Titanosauriformes indet. Sacheon and Goryeong teeth A tooth from Sacheon was initially suggested to be of Asian Brachiosaurid by Lim, Martin and Baek (2001), but Barrett et al. (2002) and Choi & Lee (2017) consider it to be indeterminate titanosauriform. Meanwhile, another tooth from Goryeong was suggested to be of Diplodocoidea by Yun et al. (2007), but Choi and Lee (2017) also considered it indeterminate titanosauriform.
Pterodactyloidea indet. Goryeong teeth While the KPE 40001 suggested to be of Boreopterid origin by Choi & Lee (2017), Yun (2021) and Yun (2024) consider them to be Anhanguerian instead based on the morphological disparity from Boreopteridae and the results of two-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses.

Mollusks

Bivalvia

Bivalves of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Plicatounio P. naktongensis Goryeong
Nagdongia N. soni Goryeong
Trigonioides T. jaehoi Goryeong

Gastropoda

Gastropods of the Jinju Formation
Genus Species Region Member Material Notes Image
Brotiopsis B. kobayashi Dominant gastropod of the formation
Thiara T. sp.
Viviparus V. sp.

Ichnofossils

Unnamed ichnofossils from the Jinju Formation include Ornithopod tracks and Caddisfly bioherms.

Ichnofossils of the Jinju Formation
Ichnogenus Ichnospecies Region Member Material Notes Image
Gyeongsangsauropus G. isp. Jinju Sauropod tracks
Grallator G. isp. Jinju Theropod track; similar to the ichnospecies G. yangi
Corpulentapus C. isp. Jinju Theropod track
Asianopodus A. isp. Jinju Theropod track
Minisauripus M. isp. Jinju One of the smallest known theropod tracks. Currently the oldest record of this ichnogenus from South Korea.
Dromaeosauriformipes D. rarus Jinju The smallest known non-avian dinosaur didactyl tracks possibly made by a small microraptorine, with indication of important flight behaviors such as flap-running, take-off, and landing.
Dromaeosauripus D. jinjuensis Sacheon Didactyl tracks made by a 40 cm (1.3 ft) tall dromaeosaur.
Ignotornis I. seoungjoseoi Sacheon Bird Track
Jindongornipes J. isp. Sacheon Bird Track
Koreasaltipes K. jinjuensis Jinju Traces left by a hopping mammal
Neosauroides N. innovatus Jinju The largest reported lizard trackway in South Korea.
cf. Chelichnus cf. C. isp. Sacheon Turtle trackway; first identified as Chelonipus isp.
Ranipes indeterminate Jinju Oldest known frog trackway. Made by a species that hopped in short distances.
Crocodylopodus C. isp. Sacheon and Jinju First report of this ichnogenus from Asia.
Batrachopus B. grandis Sacheon Archosaur track made by either a bipedal crocodylomorph or therizinosaur; the pterosaur trackway ichnospecies Haenamichnus gainensis from the Haman Formation is now assigned to this species as B. cf. grandis. Paleontologist James I. Kirkland expresses doubts on the ichnogenus assignment.
Pteraichnus P. gracilis Jinju Pterosaur trackways. P. seopoensis is currently a naked name, since it was only described in a master's thesis.
"P. seopoensis" Sacheon
Jinjuichnus J. procerus Jinju Pterosaur trackway associated with a small vertebrate trackway, showing possible stalking behavior.
Lockeia L. gigantus Resting trace, made by bivalves
Diplichnites D. isp. Arthropod tracks
Coclichnus C. isp. Trace by Annelids
Radialimbricatus R. bitoensis Potential tracemakers include arthropods, cnidarians or annelids
Protovirgularia P. dichotoma First nonmarine occurrence of this ichnotaxon; possibly made by larvae of dragonfly
Fictovichnus indeterminate Probable insect cocoon or pupation chamber; the earliest record of an insect pupation structure probably associated with a burrow
Chondrites C. isp.
Palaeophycus P. tubularis
Helminthopsis H. hieroglyphica
Skolithos S. magnus
Taenidium T. barretti
Torrowangea T. rosei

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tateiwa, Iwao (1929). "Geologic Atlas of Korea, No. 10, Gyeongju, Yeongcheon, Daegu, Waegwan Sheets". Geological Survey of Chosen (Korea).
  2. ↑ Jinju Formation in the Paleobiology Database
  3. ↑ Chae, Yong-Un; Lim, Jong Deock; Kim, Cheong-Bin; Kim, Kyung Soo; Ha, Sujin; Lim, Hyoun Soo (2020). "Detrital zircon U-Pb ages of the uppermost Jinju Formation in the Natural Monument No. 534 'Tracksite of Pterosaurs, Birds, and Dinosaurs in Hotandong, Jinju', Korea" (PDF). Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society. 41 (4): 367−380. doi:10.5467/JKESS.2020.41.4.367. S2CID 225332234.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Paik, In Sung; Kim, Hyun Joo; Kim, Seongyeong; Lee, Jeong Eun; So, Yoon Hwan; Lee, Hoil (2019-10-31). "Fossil-bearing deposits in the Jinju Formation at Jinju: Occurrences, paleoenvironments and stratigraphic implications" (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society of Korea. 55 (5): 513–530. doi:10.14770/jgsk.2019.55.5.513. ISSN 0435-4036. S2CID 210608913.
  5. 1 2 Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Xing, Lida (2019). "Exquisitely-preserved, high-definition skin traces in diminutive theropod tracks from the Cretaceous of Korea". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 2039. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.2039K. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38633-4. PMC 6375998. PMID 30765802.
  6. 1 2 Paik, I.S. (2005). "The oldest record of microbial-caddisfly bioherms from the Early Cretaceous Jinju Formation, Korea: occurrence and palaeoenvironmental implications" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 218 (3−4): 301−315. Bibcode:2005PPP...218..301P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.12.020.
  7. 1 2 3 Lee, Jaemin; Kim, Kyung Soo; Looy, Cindy V. (20 March 2026). "An Early Cretaceous temperate intermontane savanna from South Korea, and its biogeographic implications". Cretaceous Research 106387. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2026.106387.
  8. ↑ Lee, Jaemin (2025). "Deep time evolution of tubers in Equisetum and the broader sphenophytes". International Journal of Plant Sciences. doi:10.1086/735612.
  9. 1 2 Kim, Jong-Heon; Nam, Kye-Soo; Lee, Seong-Bok; Jeon, Yeong-Seok (2016). "Fossil Plants from the Early Cretaceous Hasandong Formation of Chilgok Area, Korea" (PDF). Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society. 37 (5): 295−308. doi:10.5467/JKESS.2016.37.5.295.
  10. ↑ Kim, Jong-Heon (2009). "New occurrence of Cupressinocladus sp. from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, Shindong Group, Korea" (PDF). Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society. 30 (5): 605−610. doi:10.5467/JKESS.2009.30.5.605. S2CID 67813442.
  11. ↑ Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Nam, Kye-Soo; Selden, Paul A. (2019-08-03). "A diverse new spider (Araneae) fauna from the Jinju Formation, Cretaceous (Albian) of Korea". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (15): 1271–1297. Bibcode:2019JSPal..17.1271P. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1525441. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 92137182.
  12. ↑ Selden, Paul A.; Nam, Kye-Soo; Kim, Soo Hyun; Kim, Hyun Joo (January 2012). "A fossil spider from the Cretaceous of Korea". Journal of Paleontology. 86 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1666/11-094.1.
  13. ↑ Ueda, Kyoichiro; Kim, Taewan; Aoki, Tateyu (2005). "A new record of Early Cretaceous fossil dragonfly from Korea". Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A (Natural History). 3: 145–152. doi:10.34522/kmnh.3.0_145.
  14. ↑ Nam, Kye-Soo; Kim, Jong-Heon (2016). "Reconstruction and Paleoecological implications of Dragonfly Hemeroscopus baissicus Pritykina 1977 (Hemeroscopidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation in the Jinju area, Korea". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea. 52 (2): 102–112. doi:10.14770/jgsk.2016.52.2.105.
  15. ↑ Wei, G.; Nam, G.-S.; Liu, Y.; Ren, D.; Wang, Y. (2026). "New hemeroscopid (Odonata: Hemeroscopidae) from Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation (South Korea) illustrating variation of wing vannal region among hemeroscopids and prohemeroscopids". Zootaxa. 5810 (2): 380–388. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5810.2.9.
  16. ↑ Nel, André; Nam, Gi-Soo; Jouault, Corentin (2025-01-06). "A new Early Cretaceous 'megapodagrionid' genus (Zygoptera: Coenagriomorpha) from the Jinju Formation of the Republic of Korea". Palaeoworld 200908. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2025.200908. ISSN 1871-174X.
  17. ↑ Engel, Michael A.; Lim, Jong-Deock; Baek, Kwang-Seok; Martin, Larry D. (2002). "An Earwig from the Lower Cretaceous of Korea (Dermaptera: Forficulina)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 75 (2): 86–90. JSTOR 25086049.
  18. ↑ Kim, Do-Yoon; Lee, Mirinae; Nam, Gi-Soo; Park, Tae-Yoon S. (2021). "The first orthopteran fossils from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Jinju Formation of Korea: Ethological implications for elcanids". Cretaceous Research. 125 104843. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12504843K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104843.
  19. ↑ Vršanský, Peter; Lee, Soo Bin; Sohn, Jae-Cheon; Vršanská, Lucia; Jang, Jun-Hyeok; Nam, Gi Soo (May 15, 2025). "Jinju cockroaches" (PDF). Amba projekty. 15 (1): 1–151.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Nam, Gi-Soo; Jang, Jun-Hyeok (19 May 2026). "Cockroaches from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation of Gunwi, South Korea". Biologia. 81 (6). doi:10.1007/s11756-026-02200-w.
  21. ↑ Jouault, Corentin; Nam, Gi-Soo (2022-07-07). "A new primitive termite from the lower cretaceous (Albian) Jinju Formation of Korea". Historical Biology. 35 (9): 1522–1527. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2098490. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 250373231.
  22. 1 2 3 Lee, Soo Bin; Nam, Gi Soo; Nel, André; Park, Jong Kyun (February 2025). "A new Albian genus and species and two other new species of Umenocoleidae (Dictyoptera) from South Korea". Cretaceous Research. 166 106013. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.106013.
  23. 1 2 Park, Tae-Yoon; Wilson, George D. F.; Lee, Dong-Chan; Choi, Duck K. (2012). "Occurrence of the Isopod Archaeoniscus coreaensis New Species from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, Korea". Journal of Paleontology. 86 (4): 626–640. Bibcode:2012JPal...86..626P. doi:10.1666/11-131R.1. JSTOR 23253719. S2CID 131617665.
  24. ↑ Boderau, Mathieu; Nam, Gi-Soo; Jouault, Corentin; Nel, André (2025-09-01). "The first cixiid planthopper (Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation (Republic of Korea)". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 102472. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2025.102472. ISSN 1226-8615.
  25. ↑ Sohn, J.-C.; Nam, G. S. (2024). "New fossil genus and species of Yuripopovinidae (Insecta: Heteroptera, Coreoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, South Korea, with insights into the evolution of exaggerated antennae in the family". Cretaceous Research. 158. 105847. Bibcode:2024CrRes.15805847S. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105847.
  26. ↑ Rosse-Guillevic, Simon; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Nam, Gi-Soo; Jouault, Corentin (April 2023). "The first Heloridae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea) from the Albian of the Republic of Korea: inferences about the relict diversity of the family". Cretaceous Research. 151 105564. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15105564R. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105564. S2CID 258269517.
  27. ↑ Rosse-Guillevic, Simon; Kopylov, Dmitry S.; Rasnitsyn, Alexander P.; Nam, Gi-Soo; Kwon, Seung-Hyuk; Jouault, Corentin (August 2023). "Blurring the limits of anaxyelid subfamilies: a new genus and species (Hymenoptera: Anaxyelidae) from the Albian of the Republic of Korea". Palaeoentomology. 6 (4): 424–434. Bibcode:2023Plegy...6.4.13R. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.4.13. S2CID 261307640.
  28. ↑ Jouault, Corentin; Kwon, Seung-Hyuk; Nam, Gi-Soo (2025). "A new species of Cretosphecium (Hymenoptera: Angarosphecidae) from the lower Albian Jinju Formation of South Korea". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 49 (1): 62–68. doi:10.1080/03115518.2024.2425623. ISSN 0311-5518.
  29. 1 2 Jouault, Corentin; Kopylov, Dmitry S.; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Nam, Gi-Soo; Kwon, Seung-Hyuk; Oyama, Nozomu (31 December 2025). "Farther East: New Ghilarellinae wasps (Hymenoptera: Sepulcidae) from the Albian of the Republic of Korea extend the geographic range of the subfamily". Journal of Insect Biodiversity. 77 (1): 60–70. doi:10.12976/jib/2025.77.1.10.
  30. ↑ Engel, Michael S; Lim J.-D.; Baek, K.-S. (2006-04-25). "Fossil snakeflies from the Early Cretaceous of southern Korea (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte. 2006 (4): 249–256. doi:10.1127/njgpm/2006/2006/249. ISSN 0028-3630.
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