Kang Zhang

Kang Zhang
Kang Zhang
Born	Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Education	M.D., Harvard University Medical School (1995) ; Ph.D. (Genetics), Harvard University (1991)
	Medical career
Profession	Ophthalmologist
Institutions	Macau University of Science and Technology
Sub-specialties	Ophthalmic genetics ; Stem cell research ; Artificial intelligence
Website	kangzhangmd.com

Kang Zhang (Chinese: 张康) is a Chinese-American ophthalmologist specializing in ophthalmic genetics and aging processes in the eye. He is currently a professor of the Faculty of Medicine at Macau University of Science and Technology. He was previously a professor of ophthalmology and the founding director of the Institute for Genomic Medicine at the University of California, San Diego. He subsequently moved to China and continues his research, which includes work on lanosterol. stem cell research (particularly limbal stem cells), gene editing, and artificial intelligence.

Education

Born in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China, Zhang obtained his B.S. in Biochemistry from Sichuan University in Chengdu, China in 1984. In 1991, Zhang graduated with a Ph.D. in Genetics from Harvard University. Subsequently, Zhang obtained his M.D. from a Harvard University Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint M.D. Program with magna cum laude honors in 1995.

Career

After completing an ophthalmology residency at the Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins University, Zhang became assistant staff at the Cole Eye Institute at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Zhang completed a retina fellowship at the University of Utah, and afterwards became an assistant professor at the University of Utah from 2002 to 2006.

In 2012, following an anonymous complaint, the UCSD Institutional Review Board (IRB) suspended enrollment in Zhang's research studies. After an internal review, the research was permitted to resume.

In 2013, Zhang, along with Trey Ideker, identified that the molecular aging clock could be measured by blood and tissues, and made use of epigenetic markers.

In 2014, Zhang, along with Yizhi Liu and Xiangdong Fu, investigated mechanisms and developed a new method of limbal stem cell repair and regeneration.

In 2015, Zhang discovered that lanosterol can be used in eyedrop form to help prevent cataracts.

In 2017, the FDA issued a warning letter to Zhang citing violations in his oversight of human research studies and restricted him from serving as a principal investigator on such studies. The letter referenced issues dating back to 2012. Subsequently, a UCSD internal audit identified what it described as shortcomings in Zhang's research practices.

In 2018, Zhang was senior author of a study in Cell describing a deep-learning system that classified retinal optical coherence tomography images to identify macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema.

In 2019, a clinical trial in China involving Zhang prompted a letter from international doctors questioning its ethics and methodology. Around the same time, media reports noted his undisclosed ties to a Chinese ophthalmology company. UCSD placed Zhang on administrative leave; he later resigned. Zhang's lawyer said the leave and investigation stemmed from the 2017 FDA warning, not ties to China. he wasn't charged to have committed any wrongdoing related to his research ties to China. After leaving UCSD, he joined the Faculty of Medicine at Macau University of Science and Technology. The same year he joined Macau University of Science and Technology, where he holds faculty and administrative roles including Director of the Macau Institute for AI in Medicine.

In 2021, Zhang and colleagues published a study in Nature Biomedical Engineering demonstrating that deep‑learning models could detect chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes from retinal fundus images, with potential applications in resource‑limited settings. In 2023, he was profiled in Cell Reports Medicine, where he described his work on multi‑modal artificial intelligence and was listed as a Clarivate Highly Cited Researcher in Cross‑Field for 2019–2022. He was appointed Vice President of Macau University of Science and Technology in 2024. In 2026, he co‑authored a paper in npj Digital Medicine describing an AI model for personalized prediction of myopia progression in children.

Zhang and colleagues proposed and implemented MetaGP, a generative medical foundation model that integrates large-scale electronic health records with multimodal medical imaging, in 2025. Zhang, together with Jia Qu, also developed MINIM, a general-purpose large-scale generative synthetic medical image model, in 2025.

In 2026, Zhang, together with Shanshan Wang, developed AFLoc, a pathology vision–language model capable of lesion localization.

Awards

Some of Kang Zhang's selected awards are listed below.

The Ophthalmologist World 100 Power List (2016, 2018)
Fellow, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (2016)
Fellow, Association of American Physicians (2011)
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2011)
America's Top Ophthalmologists, Consumer's Research Council of America (2011)
NIH Director's Transformative R01 Program (2010)
Senior Investigator Award, Research to Prevent Blindness (2010)
Outstanding Achievement Award, Chinese Ophthalmological Society (2009)
Burroughs Wellcome Fund Clinical Scientist Award in Translational Research (2008)
Lew R. Wasserman Merit Award, Research to Prevent Blindness (2006)
Macular Society membership (2006)
American Society of Clinical Investigation membership (2006)
Macular Vision Research Award (2002)
Ruth Steinbach Fund for Macular Degeneration (2001)
Charles Schepens Award for Excellence in Retina Research (2001)
Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Clinician Scientist Award (1999)

Professional affiliations

Kang Zhang's professional affiliations are listed below.

Selected publications

To date, Zhang has published more than 150 papers. Some selected publications are listed below.

Yang Z, Camp NJ, Sun H, Tong Z, Gibbs D, Cameron DJ, Chen H, Zhao Y, Pearson E, Li X, Chien J, Dewan A, Harmon J, Bernstein PS, Shridhar V, Zabriskie NA, Hoh J, Howes K, Zhang K (November 2006). "A variant of the HTRA1 gene increases susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration". Science. 314 (5801): 992–3. Bibcode:2006Sci...314..992Y. doi:10.1126/science.1133811. PMID 17053109. S2CID 19577378.
Hannum G, Guinney J, Zhao L, Zhang L, Hughes G, Sadda S, Klotzle B, Bibikova M, Fan JB, Gao Y, Deconde R, Chen M, Rajapakse I, Friend S, Ideker T, Zhang K (January 2013). "Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates". Mol. Cell. 49 (2): 359–367. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.016. PMC 3780611. PMID 23177740.
Yu FX, Luo J, Mo JS, Liu G, Kim YC, Meng Z, Zhao L, Peyman G, Ouyang H, Jiang W, Zhao J, Chen X, Zhang L, Wang CY, Bastian BC, Zhang K, Guan KL (June 2014). "Mutant Gq/11 promote uveal melanoma tumorigenesis by activating YAP". Cancer Cell. 25 (6): 822–30. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.017. PMC 4075337. PMID 24882516.
Zhao L, Chen XJ, Zhu J, Xi YB, Yang X, Hu LD, Ouyang H, Patel SH, Jin X, Lin D, Wu F, Flagg K, Cai H, Li G, Cao G, Lin Y, Chen D, Wen C, Chung C, Wang Y, Qiu A, Yeh E, Wang W, Hu X, Grob S, Abagyan R, Su Z, Tjondro HC, Zhao XJ, Luo H, Hou R, Jefferson J, Perry P, Gao W, Kozak I, Granet D, Li Y, Sun X, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Yan YB, Zhang K (July 2015). "Lanosterol reverses protein aggregation in cataracts". Nature. 523 (7562): 607–11. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..607Z. doi:10.1038/nature14650. PMID 26200341. S2CID 4469138.
Hu CM, Fang RH, Wang KC, Luk BT, Thamphiwatana S, Dehaini D, Nguyen P, Angsantikul P, Wen CH, Kroll AV, Carpenter C, Ramesh M, Qu V, Patel SH, Zhu J, Shi W, Hofman FM, Chen TC, Gao W, Zhang K, Chien S, Zhang L (October 2015). "Nanoparticle biointerfacing by platelet membrane cloaking". Nature. 526 (7571): 118–21. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..118H. doi:10.1038/nature15373. PMC 4871317. PMID 26374997.
Liu Y, Wu F, Lu L, Lin D, Zhang K (August 2015). "Videos in Clinical Medicine: Examination of the Retina". N. Engl. J. Med. 373 (8): e9. doi:10.1056/NEJMvcm1308125. PMID 26287871.
Lin H, Ouyang H, Zhu J, Huang S, Liu Z, Chen S, Cao G, Li G, Signer RA, Xu Y, Chung C, Zhang Y, Lin D, Patel S, Wu F, Cai H, Hou J, Wen C, Jafari M, Liu X, Luo L, Zhu J, Qiu A, Hou R, Chen B, Chen J, Granet D, Heichel C, Shang F, Li X, Krawczyk M, Skowronska-Krawczyk D, Wang Y, Shi W, Chen D, Zhong Z, Zhong S, Zhang L, Chen S, Morrison SJ, Maas RL, Zhang K, Liu Y (March 2016). "Lens regeneration using endogenous stem cells with gain of visual function". Nature. 531 (7594): 323–8. Bibcode:2016Natur.531..323L. doi:10.1038/nature17181. PMC 6061995. PMID 26958831.
Suzuki K, Tsunekawa Y, Hernandez-Benitez R, Wu J, Zhu J, Kim EJ, Hatanaka F, Yamamoto M, Araoka T, Li Z, Kurita M, Hishida T, Li M, Aizawa E, Guo S, Chen S, Goebl A, Soligalla RD, Qu J, Jiang T, Fu X, Jafari M, Esteban CR, Berggren WT, Lajara J, Nuñez-Delicado E, Guillen P, Campistol JM, Matsuzaki F, Liu GH, Magistretti P, Zhang K, Callaway EM, Zhang K, Belmonte JC (December 2016). "In vivo genome editing via CRISPR/Cas9 mediated homology-independent targeted integration". Nature. 540 (7631): 144–149. Bibcode:2016Natur.540..144S. doi:10.1038/nature20565. PMC 5331785. PMID 27851729.
Hao X, Luo H, Krawczyk M, Wei W, Wang W, Wang J, Flagg K, Hou J, Zhang H, Yi S, Jafari M, Lin D, Chung C, Caughey BA, Li G, Dhar D, Shi W, Zheng L, Hou R, Zhu J, Zhao L, Fu X, Zhang E, Zhang C, Zhu JK, Karin M, Xu RH, Zhang K (July 2017). "DNA methylation markers for diagnosis and prognosis of common cancers". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114 (28): 7414–7419. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.7414H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1703577114. PMC 5514741. PMID 28652331.
Xu RH, Wei W, Krawczyk M, Wang W, Luo H, Flagg K, Yi S, Shi W, Quan Q, Li K, Zheng L, Zhang H, Caughey BA, Zhao Q, Hou J, Zhang R, Xu Y, Cai H, Li G, Hou R, Zhong Z, Lin D, Fu X, Zhu J, Duan Y, Yu M, Ying B, Zhang W, Wang J, Zhang E, Zhang C, Li O, Guo R, Carter H, Zhu JK, Hao X, Zhang K (November 2017). "Circulating tumour DNA methylation markers for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma". Nat Mater. 16 (11): 1155–1161. Bibcode:2017NatMa..16.1155X. doi:10.1038/nmat4997. PMID 29035356.
Zhu J, Ming C, Fu X, Duan Y, Hoang DA, Rutgard J, Zhang R, Wang W, Hou R, Zhang D, Zhang E, Zhang C, Hao X, Xiong W, Zhang K (June 2017). "Gene and mutation independent therapy via CRISPR-Cas9 mediated cellular reprogramming in rod photoreceptors". Cell Res. 27 (6): 830–833. doi:10.1038/cr.2017.57. PMC 5518875. PMID 28429769.
Kermany DS, Goldbaum M, Cai W, Valentim C, Liang H, Baxter SL, McKeown A, Yang G, Wu X, Yan F, Dong J, Prasadha MK, Pei J, Ting M, Zhu J, Li C, Hewett S, Dong J, Ziyar I, Shi A, Zhang R, Zheng L, Hou R, Shi W, Fu X, Duan Y, Huu V, Wen C, Zhang ED, Zhang CL, Li O, Wang X, Singer MA, Sun X, Xu J, Tafreshi A, Lewis MA, Xia H, Zhang K (February 2018). "Identifying Medical Diagnoses and Treatable Diseases by Image-Based Deep Learning". Cell. 172 (5): 1122–1131.e9. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.010. PMID 29474911.
Liang H, Tsui BY, Ni H, Valentim C, Baxter SL, Liu G, Cai W, Kermany DS, Sun X, Chen J, He L, Zhu J, Tian P, Shao H, Zheng L, Hou R, Hewett S, Li G, Liang P, Zang X, Zhang Z, Pan L, Cai H, Ling R, Li S, Cui Y, Tang S, Ye H, Huang X, He W, Liang W, Zhang Q, Jiang J, Yu W, Gao J, Ou W, Deng Y, Hou Q, Wang B, Yao C, Liang Y, Zhang S, Duan Y, Zhang R, Gibson S, Zhang CL, Li O, Zhang ED, Karin G, Nguyen N, Wu X, Wen C, Xu J, Xu W, Wang B, Wang W, Li J, Pizzato B, Bao C, Xiang D, He W, He S, Zhou Y, Haw W, Goldbaum M, Tremoulet A, Hsu CN, Carter H, Zhu L, Zhang K, Xia H (March 2019). "Evaluation and accurate diagnoses of pediatric diseases using artificial intelligence". Nat. Med. 25 (3): 433–438. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0335-9. PMID 30742121. S2CID 59945159.
Lu Y, Zhang K (March 2018). "Cellular Reprogramming in the Retina - Seeing the Light". N. Engl. J. Med. 378 (11): 1059–1060. doi:10.1056/NEJMcibr1713887. PMID 29539280. S2CID 3931861.
Xia H, Li X, Gao W, Fu X, Fang FR, Zhang L, Zhang K (2018). "Tissue repair and regeneration with endogenous stem cells". Nature Reviews Materials. 3 (7): 174–193. Bibcode:2018NatRM...3..174X. doi:10.1038/s41578-018-0027-6.

References

↑ Kang Zhang profile (jyyxylc.com)
↑ "Macau University of Science and Technology Faculty of Medicine". Archived from the original on 2019-09-20. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
1 2 "Kang Zhang, M.D., Ph.D. - 511374 - 01/05/2017". www.fda.gov. March 19, 2025. Archived from the original on November 5, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
1 2 3 Castellano, Jill (April 24, 2019). "UCSD Doctor Who Violated Human Research Rules 'On Leave' Following Inewsource Investigation". KPBS Public Media. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
1 2 "Human Research Violations By UCSD Eye Doctor Showcase A National Problem". April 18, 2019. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.
1 2 3 Kolata, Gina (November 4, 2019). "Vast Dragnet Targets Theft of Biomedical Secrets for China". Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2025 – via NYTimes.com.
1 2 Brown, Eryn (Jul 22, 2015). "Genetics study points toward eyedrop treatment for cataracts". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved Apr 23, 2019.
1 2 Ouyang H, Xue Y, Lin Y, Zhang X, Xi L, Patel S, Cai H, Luo J, Zhang M, Zhang M, Yang Y, Li G, Li H, Jiang W, Yeh E, Lin J, Pei M, Zhu J, Cao G, Zhang L, Yu B, Chen S, Fu XD, Liu Y, Zhang K (July 2014). "WNT7A and PAX6 define corneal epithelium homeostasis and pathogenesis". Nature. 511 (7509): 358–61. Bibcode:2014Natur.511..358O. doi:10.1038/nature13465. PMC 4610745. PMID 25030175.
↑ Zhu J, Ming C, Fu X, Duan Y, Hoang DA, Rutgard J, Zhang R, Wang W, Hou R, Zhang D, Zhang E, Zhang C, Hao X, Xiong W, Zhang K (June 2017). "Gene and mutation independent therapy via CRISPR-Cas9 mediated cellular reprogramming in rod photoreceptors". Cell Res. 27 (6): 830–833. doi:10.1038/cr.2017.57. PMC 5518875. PMID 28429769.
↑ Kermany DS, Goldbaum M, Cai W, Valentim C, Liang H, Baxter SL, McKeown A, Yang G, Wu X, Yan F, Dong J, Prasadha MK, Pei J, Ting M, Zhu J, Li C, Hewett S, Dong J, Ziyar I, Shi A, Zhang R, Zheng L, Hou R, Shi W, Fu X, Duan Y, Huu V, Wen C, Zhang ED, Zhang CL, Li O, Wang X, Singer MA, Sun X, Xu J, Tafreshi A, Lewis MA, Xia H, Zhang K (February 2018). "Identifying Medical Diagnoses and Treatable Diseases by Image-Based Deep Learning". Cell. 172 (5): 1122–1131.e9. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.010. PMID 29474911.
1 2 3 "Kang Zhang CV: awards and publications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
↑ Castellano, Brad Racino, Jill (July 6, 2019). "UCSD doctor resigns amid questions about undisclosed Chinese businesses". Archived from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Stipp, David (Jul 22, 2013). "Searching for Meaningful Markers of Aging". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved Apr 23, 2019.
↑ Ling Zhao; Xiang-Jun Chen; Jie Zhu; Yi-Bo Xi; Xu Yang; Li-Dan Hu; Hong Ouyang; Sherrina H. Patel; Xin Jin; Danni Lin; Frances Wu; Ken Flagg; Huimin Cai; Gen Li; Guiqun Cao; Ying Lin; Daniel Chen; Cindy Wen; Christopher Chung; Yandong Wang; Austin Qiu; Emily Yeh; Wenqiu Wang; Xun Hu; Seanna Grob; et al. (July 2015). "Lanosterol reverses protein aggregation in cataracts". Nature. 523 (7562): 607–611. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..607Z. doi:10.1038/nature14650. PMID 26200341. S2CID 4469138.
↑ "Kang Zhang, M.D., Ph.D. - 511374 - 01/05/2017". April 23, 2019.
↑ Fikes, Bradley J. (Feb 26, 2018). "Serious eye diseases accurately diagnosed through artificial intelligence". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on May 20, 2019. Retrieved Apr 23, 2019.
↑ inewsource, Jill Castellano /; ago, Brad Racino / Multimedia-Based Investigative Reporter This story was published more than 6 years (July 25, 2019). "Eye Experts Around The World Question Experiment On Babies In China Involving UCSD Researchers". KPBS Public Media. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
1 2 "UCSD doctor resigns amid questions about undisclosed Chinese businesses". inewsource.org. Archived from the original on 2019-11-05. Retrieved 2019-08-03.
↑ "UCSD Eye Doctor Resigns After Investigation into Ties with China". The Scientist Magazine®.
↑ "Chinese Talent Plans | Federal Bureau of Investigation". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2023-06-24. Retrieved 2025-11-01.
↑ "Kang Zhang curriculum vitae" (PDF). 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-09-20. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
↑ "Kang Zhang, MD, PhD". The American Society for Clinical Investigation. 10 January 2023. Archived from the original on 15 January 2026. Retrieved 2 March 2026.
↑ Zhang K, Liu X, Xu J, et al. (2021). "Deep-learning models for the detection and incidence prediction of chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes from retinal fundus images". Nature Biomedical Engineering. 5: 533–545. doi:10.1038/s41551-021-00745-6.
↑ "Kang Zhang". Cell Reports Medicine. 4 (1) 100919. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100919. PMC 9813830.
↑ "M.U.S.T. Appoints Prof. Kang Zhang as Vice President". Macau University of Science and Technology. 2024-10-10. Archived from the original on 2026-04-28. Retrieved 2026-09-19.
↑ Liu S, Lu Y, Li X, et al. (2026). "AI-guided personalized predictions on myopia progression and interventions". npj Digital Medicine. 9. doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02308-4. PMC 12881446. PMID 41526629.
↑ "Former UCSD prof who resigned amid investigation into China ties retracts paper for 'inadvertently misidentified' images". March 30, 2020.
↑ Liu F, Zhou H, Wang K, Yu Y, Gao Y, Sun Z, Liu S, Sun S, Zou Z, Li Z, Li B, Miao H, Liu Y, Hou T, Fok M, Patil NG, Xue K, Li T, Oermann E, Yin Y, Duan L, Qu J, Huang X, Jin S, Zhang K (April 2025). "MetaGP: A generative foundation model integrating electronic health records and multimodal imaging for addressing unmet clinical needs". Cell Rep Med. 6 (4) 102056. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102056. PMC 12047458. PMID 40187356.
↑ Wang J, Wang K, Yu Y, Lu Y, Xiao W, Sun Z, Liu F, Zou Z, Gao Y, Yang L, Zhou HY, Miao H, Zhao W, Huang L, Zeng L, Guo R, Chong I, Deng B, Cheng L, Chen X, Luo J, Zhu MH, Baptista-Hon D, Monteiro O, Li M, Ke Y, Li J, Zeng S, Guan T, Zeng J, Xue K, Oermann E, Luo H, Yin Y, Zhang K, Qu J (February 2025). "Self-improving generative foundation model for synthetic medical image generation and clinical applications". Nat Med. 31 (2): 609–617. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03359-y. PMID 39663467.
↑ Yang H, Zhou HY, Liu J, Huang W, Li C, Li Z, Gao Y, Liu Q, Liang Y, Yang Q, Wu S, Tan T, Zheng H, Zhang K, Wang S (January 2026). "A multimodal vision-language model for generalizable annotation-free pathology localization". Nat Biomed Eng. arXiv:2401.02044. doi:10.1038/s41551-025-01574-7. PMID 41495192.
↑ "Zhang Kang - Search Results - PubMed". PubMed. Archived from the original on 2025-12-26. Retrieved 2026-09-19.

External links

[1] Kang Zhang profile (jyyxylc.com)

[2] "Macau University of Science and Technology Faculty of Medicine". Archived from the original on 2019-09-20. Retrieved 2019-09-10.

[fda.gov-3] 1 2 "Kang Zhang, M.D., Ph.D. - 511374 - 01/05/2017". www.fda.gov. March 19, 2025. Archived from the original on November 5, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.

[kpbs.org-4] 1 2 3 Castellano, Jill (April 24, 2019). "UCSD Doctor Who Violated Human Research Rules 'On Leave' Following Inewsource Investigation". KPBS Public Media. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.

[ReferenceA-5] 1 2 "Human Research Violations By UCSD Eye Doctor Showcase A National Problem". April 18, 2019. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.

[nytimes.com-6] 1 2 3 Kolata, Gina (November 4, 2019). "Vast Dragnet Targets Theft of Biomedical Secrets for China". Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2025 – via NYTimes.com.

[latimes-7] 1 2 Brown, Eryn (Jul 22, 2015). "Genetics study points toward eyedrop treatment for cataracts". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved Apr 23, 2019.

[Ouyang2014-8] 1 2 Ouyang H, Xue Y, Lin Y, Zhang X, Xi L, Patel S, Cai H, Luo J, Zhang M, Zhang M, Yang Y, Li G, Li H, Jiang W, Yeh E, Lin J, Pei M, Zhu J, Cao G, Zhang L, Yu B, Chen S, Fu XD, Liu Y, Zhang K (July 2014). "WNT7A and PAX6 define corneal epithelium homeostasis and pathogenesis". Nature. 511 (7509): 358–61. Bibcode:2014Natur.511..358O. doi:10.1038/nature13465. PMC 4610745. PMID 25030175.

[9] Zhu J, Ming C, Fu X, Duan Y, Hoang DA, Rutgard J, Zhang R, Wang W, Hou R, Zhang D, Zhang E, Zhang C, Hao X, Xiong W, Zhang K (June 2017). "Gene and mutation independent therapy via CRISPR-Cas9 mediated cellular reprogramming in rod photoreceptors". Cell Res. 27 (6): 830–833. doi:10.1038/cr.2017.57. PMC 5518875. PMID 28429769.

[10] Kermany DS, Goldbaum M, Cai W, Valentim C, Liang H, Baxter SL, McKeown A, Yang G, Wu X, Yan F, Dong J, Prasadha MK, Pei J, Ting M, Zhu J, Li C, Hewett S, Dong J, Ziyar I, Shi A, Zhang R, Zheng L, Hou R, Shi W, Fu X, Duan Y, Huu V, Wen C, Zhang ED, Zhang CL, Li O, Wang X, Singer MA, Sun X, Xu J, Tafreshi A, Lewis MA, Xia H, Zhang K (February 2018). "Identifying Medical Diagnoses and Treatable Diseases by Image-Based Deep Learning". Cell. 172 (5): 1122–1131.e9. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.010. PMID 29474911.

[pub-11] 1 2 3 "Kang Zhang CV: awards and publications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2019-04-23.

[inewsource.org-12] Castellano, Brad Racino, Jill (July 6, 2019). "UCSD doctor resigns amid questions about undisclosed Chinese businesses". Archived from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[13] Stipp, David (Jul 22, 2013). "Searching for Meaningful Markers of Aging". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved Apr 23, 2019.

[LingZhao2015-14] Ling Zhao; Xiang-Jun Chen; Jie Zhu; Yi-Bo Xi; Xu Yang; Li-Dan Hu; Hong Ouyang; Sherrina H. Patel; Xin Jin; Danni Lin; Frances Wu; Ken Flagg; Huimin Cai; Gen Li; Guiqun Cao; Ying Lin; Daniel Chen; Cindy Wen; Christopher Chung; Yandong Wang; Austin Qiu; Emily Yeh; Wenqiu Wang; Xun Hu; Seanna Grob; et al. (July 2015). "Lanosterol reverses protein aggregation in cataracts". Nature. 523 (7562): 607–611. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..607Z. doi:10.1038/nature14650. PMID 26200341. S2CID 4469138.

[web.archive.org-15] "Kang Zhang, M.D., Ph.D. - 511374 - 01/05/2017". April 23, 2019.

[16] Fikes, Bradley J. (Feb 26, 2018). "Serious eye diseases accurately diagnosed through artificial intelligence". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on May 20, 2019. Retrieved Apr 23, 2019.

[17] wsource, Jill Castellano /; ago, Brad Racino / Multimedia-Based Investigative Reporter This story was published more than 6 years (July 25, 2019). "Eye Experts Around The World Question Experiment On Babies In China Involving UCSD Researchers". KPBS Public Media. Archived from the original on November 1, 2025. Retrieved November 1, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[Auto83-11-18] 1 2 "UCSD doctor resigns amid questions about undisclosed Chinese businesses". inewsource.org. Archived from the original on 2019-11-05. Retrieved 2019-08-03.

[19] "UCSD Eye Doctor Resigns After Investigation into Ties with China". The Scientist Magazine®.

[20] "Chinese Talent Plans | Federal Bureau of Investigation". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 2023-06-24. Retrieved 2025-11-01.

[21] "Kang Zhang curriculum vitae" (PDF). 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-09-20. Retrieved 2019-09-10.

[22] "Kang Zhang, MD, PhD". The American Society for Clinical Investigation. 10 January 2023. Archived from the original on 15 January 2026. Retrieved 2 March 2026.

[23] Zhang K, Liu X, Xu J, et al. (2021). "Deep-learning models for the detection and incidence prediction of chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes from retinal fundus images". Nature Biomedical Engineering. 5: 533–545. doi:10.1038/s41551-021-00745-6.

[24] "Kang Zhang". Cell Reports Medicine. 4 (1) 100919. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100919. PMC 9813830.

[25] "M.U.S.T. Appoints Prof. Kang Zhang as Vice President". Macau University of Science and Technology. 2024-10-10. Archived from the original on 2026-04-28. Retrieved 2026-09-19.

[26] Liu S, Lu Y, Li X, et al. (2026). "AI-guided personalized predictions on myopia progression and interventions". npj Digital Medicine. 9. doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02308-4. PMC 12881446. PMID 41526629.

[27] "Former UCSD prof who resigned amid investigation into China ties retracts paper for 'inadvertently misidentified' images". March 30, 2020.

[28] Liu F, Zhou H, Wang K, Yu Y, Gao Y, Sun Z, Liu S, Sun S, Zou Z, Li Z, Li B, Miao H, Liu Y, Hou T, Fok M, Patil NG, Xue K, Li T, Oermann E, Yin Y, Duan L, Qu J, Huang X, Jin S, Zhang K (April 2025). "MetaGP: A generative foundation model integrating electronic health records and multimodal imaging for addressing unmet clinical needs". Cell Rep Med. 6 (4) 102056. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102056. PMC 12047458. PMID 40187356.

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