| Kháng | |
|---|---|
| Mang U' | |
| Native to | Vietnam |
| Region | Sơn La and Lai Châu provinces |
| Ethnicity | Khang |
Native speakers | 14,000 (2009 census) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kjm – inclusive codeIndividual code: xao – Khao |
| Glottolog | khan1274 |
| ELP | Kháng |
Kháng (Chinese: 抗语), also known as Mang U', is an Austroasiatic language of Vietnam. It is closely related to the Bumang language of southern Yunnan, China.
Paul Sidwell (2014) classifies Khang as Palaungic, although Jerold Edmondson (2010) suggests it is Khmuic.
Kháng is most closely related to Bumang (Edmondson 2010).
Kháng speakers are an officially recognized ethnic group in Vietnam, and officially numbered 10,272 in 1999.
The Kháng are distributed in the following districts of northwest Vietnam in Sơn La Province and Lai Châu Province:
Tạ (2021) contains a phonology and word list of the Kháng dialect of Nậm Mu village, Phình Sáng commune, Tuần Giáo district, Điện Biên province.
Onsets /kʰw, sw, hw/, and coda /ɰ/ are apparently limited to borrowings (Vietnamese and Tai).
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | plain | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | d | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | (ʃ) | (x) | h |
| voiced | v | z | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Lateral | l | ||||
| Approximant | w | j | (ɰ) |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɯ | u |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | ɛ | ă, a | ɔ |
| Diphthongs | [iə] | [ɯə] | [uə] |
Additionally, the following diphthongs can be found: /iɤ/, /ɯɤ/, /uɤ/.
Kháng also has eight tones in total, six of which appear on "live syllables" - open syllables or syllables ending with sonorants, and the other two are limited to "dead syllables" - syllables ending in the oral stops /p t k/. Each tone also carries with it a specific register affecting the phonation of the syllable.
The live syllable tones are as follows:
The dead syllable tones are as follows:
The Khang lexicon is dominated by monosyllables though di- and trisyllabic compound words are common. The maximal word template is Ci(Cm)V(Cf)T.
The ʔaj⁴ and ʔem¹ forms in Kháng were derived from Tai Dam lexemes for "mother" and "father".
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | exclusive | zɔ¹ | mo¹zɔ¹ |
| inclusive | mot²dia¹ | ||
| 2nd person | unmarked | mi¹ | |
| masculine | ʔaj⁴ | pɯŋ³ʔaj⁴ | |
| feminine | ʔem¹ | pɯŋ³ʔem¹ | |
| honorific | luaŋ⁴ | pɯŋ³luaŋ⁴ | |
| 3rd person | feminine | ko¹ | pɯŋ³ʔem¹ni¹ |
| masculine | ŋa¹ | pɯŋ³ʔaj⁴ni¹ | |
| unmarked | ke¹ | ||
| Gloss | Kháng | proto-Palaungic |
|---|---|---|
| arm, hand | ti² | *tiːʔ |
| armpit | ka⁴ ʔɔ² | *kəldoːʔ |
| bone | tăk⁴ ʔɯŋ² | *cəʔaːŋ |
| breast | boʔ⁴ | *ɓuːʔ |
| ear | tol³ | *toːr |
| face | ŋaj² | *ˀŋaːj ('eye') |
| foot | zɯŋ² | *ɟɤːŋ |
| knee | ka⁴ hoŋ² | *groːŋ |
| nose | moj¹ | *muːs |
| penis | klɛ¹ | *kleʔ |
| tooth | hɯŋ¹ | *sraːŋ |
| tongue | ka⁴ tak² | *-taːk |
| Gloss | Kháng | proto-Palaungic |
|---|---|---|
| bird | cem² | *ciːm |
| cat | mɛw² | *miɛw |
| crow | ka⁴ ʔak² | *kə(l)ʔaːk |
| dog | cua¹ | *cɔːʔ |
| fowl | zial¹ | *ʔiɛr |
| fish | ka¹ | *kaʔ |
| monkey | swa¹ | *sʋaʔ |
| louse | ce² | *ciːʔ |
| Gloss | Kháng | proto-Palaungic |
|---|---|---|
| earth | tia¹ | *kəteːʔ |
| fire | ŋal² | *ŋal |
| grass | băt² | *ɓat |
| old, ancient | fem² | *priːm |
| potato, taro | kwaj² ŋo¹ | *sŋɔːʔ 'paddy rice' |
| rain | klia¹ | *cleːʔ |
| rice | năŋ⁴ kɔ¹ | *rəŋkoːʔ |
| smoke | təʔ² | tɤːʔ |
| star | căk² men² | *səˀmɤɲ |
| sun | ŋaj² ŋe² | cəŋiːʔ |
| water | ʔɔm² | *ʔoːm |
| Gloss | Kháng | proto-Palaungic |
|---|---|---|
| drum | klɔŋ¹ | *klɔːŋ |
| knife, penknife | vaʔ⁴ | *ʋaːc |
| left side | faj¹ ve² | *-ʋeʔ |
| right side | faj¹ tăm² | *tam |
| road | ka⁴ deŋ² | *ɗeːŋ |
| rope, string | ka⁴ mɯj² | *smɤːʔ |
| weave | tan² | *taːɲ |