Kitimat

Kitimat
District municipality
District of Kitimat
Aerial photo of Kitimat residential area with Douglas Channel in the background.
Aerial photo of Kitimat residential area with Douglas Channel in the background.
Flag of Kitimat
Flag
Kitimat is located in British Columbia
Kitimat
Kitimat
Location in British Columbia
Kitimat is located in Canada
Kitimat
Kitimat
Kitimat (Canada)
Coordinates: 54°03′12″N 128°39′08″W / 54.05333°N 128.65222°W / 54.05333; -128.65222 C
CountryCanada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
Regional districtKitimat–Stikine
Government
 • MayorPhil Germuth
Area
 • Total
242.63 km2 (93.68 sq mi)
Elevation
40 m (130 ft)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total
8,236
 • Density34.7/km2 (90/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC−07:00 (PT)
Forward sortation area
V8C
Area code250 / 778 / 236
Highways Highway 37
Websitewww.kitimat.ca

Kitimat is a district municipality in the North Coast region of British Columbia, Canada. It is a member municipality of the Regional District of Kitimat–Stikine regional government. The Kitimat Valley is part of the most populous urban district in northwest British Columbia, which includes Terrace to the north along the Skeena River Valley. The city was planned and built by the Aluminum Company of Canada (Alcan) during the 1950s. Its post office was approved on 6 June 1952.

Kitimat's municipal area is 242.63 km2 (93.68 sq mi). It is located on tidewater in one of the few wide, flat valleys on the coast of British Columbia. The 2021 census recorded 8,236 citizens.

The District of Kitimat Development Services situates the port of Kitimat as an integral part of the Northwest Corridor connecting North America to the Pacific Ocean and the Pacific Rim.

History

"Kitimat" in the Tsimshian language refers to the Haisla First Nation as the "People of the Snow". Before 1950 the Kitimat township was a small fishing village at the head of the Kitimat Arm of the Douglas Channel, a deepwater fjord.

The municipal town of Kitimat came into existence in 1951 after the Provincial Government of British Columbia invited Alcan to develop hydroelectric facilities to support one of the most power-intensive of all industries—the aluminum smelting industry. The company built a dam, 16 km (10 mi) tunnel, powerhouse, 82 km (51 mi) transmission line, a deep-sea terminal and smelter. The company also designed, laid out and assisted with the initial construction of the city. At the time, the combined development was considered "the most expensive project ever attempted by private industry."

Alcan employed the services of city planner Clarence Stein in order to ensure the community design facilitated an environment that would attract and retain workers, although Alcan intended it to not be a company town. Today, Kitimat benefits from the quality of planning resulting from the Garden City design concept. Stein's design kept industry well separated from the community with large areas for expansion. He also created looped streets surrounding an urban city centre mall and linked by over 45 km (28 mi) of walkways connecting to all areas of the community.

The substantial greenspace areas and future expansion concepts designed by Stein have been upheld to this day by the city planners, thereby resulting in a low-density settlement pattern interspersed with forested patches. Also, the Alcan-based city origin and land provenance remain documented in the form of restrictive covenants registered on title.

Economy

Aluminum producer Rio Tinto is the main employer in the municipality. Local government, schools, small manufacturing and service/retail are secondary contributors. Secondary core activities include engineering, import of petrochemical products (methanol and condensate), and metal fabrication.

Several liquefied natural gas export projects have been proposed for the Kitimat area. The proposed Kitimat LNG development at Bish Creek was intended to receive natural gas from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin and export it to Asian markets. In July 2014, the Financial Post reported that Apache Corporation intended to leave the Kitimat LNG project following pressure from hedge fund Jana Partners LLC. The separate LNG Canada project shipped its first export cargo in June 2025.

The proposed Northern Gateway pipeline project would have connected Alberta to an oil export terminal in Kitimat, but the federal government rejected the project on 29 November 2016.

Air services for the community are provided through Northwest Regional Airport, with connections to Prince George, Vancouver, and Calgary.

Kemano hydroelectric project

External media
Kemano-Kitimat transmission line
Images
image icon Catenary
Video
video icon Helicopter landing on catenary

In the 1920s, the provincial government of British Columbia extensively evaluated the province's hydroelectric generating potential. In the late 1940s, the Canadian Government sought to develop the resources of northwest British Columbia. This led to the identification of the Eutsuk/Ootsa/Nechako River drainage basin as a potential site for a sizable reservoir. The potential of this system of rivers and lakes prompted British Columbia to invite Alcan to conduct a detailed investigation of the area. Alcan was searching for a site for a large aluminum smelter, an activity requiring substantial amounts of electricity. Alcan concluded that the area could generate the required electricity and decided to build a smelter there. The post-World War II boom had increased demand for aluminum.

Between 1951 and 1954, after signing an agreement with the British Columbia government for land and water rights, Alcan undertook the Kitimat–Kemano Project. The project required building the Kenney Dam to divert water from the Nechako River drainage basin and boring a 16 km (10 mi) tunnel under Mount Dubose, within the Coast Range, to the underground Kemano Generating Station. Electricity from Kemano is transported 80 km (50 mi) across mountains via a purpose-built twin-circuit transmission line. After avalanches tore away transmission towers, a catenary system was built.

In three years, 6,000 construction workers built the dam, tunnel, powerhouse, transmission line, smelter, and town.

The town of Kitimat was built on land cleared from old-growth forest. The development included the Kenney Dam, the underground hydroelectric generating station at Kemano, an aluminum smelter, a year-round deepwater port, a townsite, and a paved highway.

LNG Canada terminal project

In October 2018, Shell and its partners approved investment in LNG Canada, a liquefied natural gas export terminal in Kitimat, and the associated Coastal GasLink Pipeline, which supplies the terminal with natural gas from northeastern British Columbia.

In October 2023, installation of the Coastal GasLink pipeline was completed.

LNG Canada shipped its first export cargo on 30 June 2025, following the start of production earlier that month. The cargo was loaded aboard the tanker Gaslog Glasgow for shipment to Asia. The facility became Canada's first large-scale commercial LNG operation.

Pacific Future pipeline and refinery

The Pacific Future Energy Refinery was proposed as a facility to refine more than 30,000 cubic metres per day of Western Canadian Select bitumen over an operating life of at least 60 years. The proposal was backed by Grupo Salinas and was promoted as using European technology to reduce its environmental impact.

The refinery was subsequently described as an $11 billion project incorporating carbon capture and storage technology. Early plans called for construction in stages, with modules manufactured in Asia and transported to Prince Rupert, British Columbia, for assembly. When the project was announced in June 2014, financing had not been secured, and preliminary design work was expected to require $250 million.

In December 2024, Pacific Future chief executive Samer Salameh informed the Impact Assessment Agency of Canada that the project had been discontinued. On 11 February 2025, federal environment minister Steven Guilbeault terminated the project's environmental assessment following confirmation that the proponents were no longer proceeding.

Geography

Kitimat is situated in the Kitimat Valley in northwestern British Columbia, near the mouth of the Kitimat River at the head of Douglas Channel. The surrounding terrain forms part of the Coast Mountains.

Kitimat is approximately 63 km (39 mi) south of Terrace via Highway 37, which connects with Highway 16 near Thornhill. Prince Rupert is approximately 207 km (129 mi) northwest by road, and Prince George is approximately 629 km (391 mi) to the east by road.

Climate

Kitimat has a warm-summer humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with mild summers and cold, snowy winters (much warmer than inland) with significant snowfall averaging 128 inches (325 cm) each year. The rainiest season is fall, with the wettest month, October, having 320 mm of rainfall. There is also a significant drying trend (Mediterranean pattern) in summer, but it is too cold and rainy to classify as such. Cloud cover is significant, especially in winter, and less than 30% of possible sunshine occurs each year.

Climate data for Kitimat
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.2
(54.0)		 13.0
(55.4)		 18.0
(64.4)		 27.5
(81.5)		 32.8
(91.0)		 37.0
(98.6)		 41.1
(106.0)		 36.0
(96.8)		 33.3
(91.9)		 25.0
(77.0)		 13.3
(55.9)		 10.0
(50.0)		 41.1
(106.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9)		 3.1
(37.6)		 6.7
(44.1)		 11.7
(53.1)		 16.2
(61.2)		 19.5
(67.1)		 21.6
(70.9)		 21.4
(70.5)		 16.8
(62.2)		 10.1
(50.2)		 3.9
(39.0)		 1.2
(34.2)		 11.1
(52.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.7
(28.9)		 0.3
(32.5)		 3.2
(37.8)		 7.1
(44.8)		 11.0
(51.8)		 14.5
(58.1)		 16.7
(62.1)		 16.5
(61.7)		 12.6
(54.7)		 7.2
(45.0)		 1.8
(35.2)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 7.4
(45.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 2.4
(36.3)		 5.7
(42.3)		 9.5
(49.1)		 11.7
(53.1)		 11.5
(52.7)		 8.3
(46.9)		 4.3
(39.7)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 3.6
(38.5)
Record low °C (°F) −25.0
(−13.0)		 −23.9
(−11.0)		 −19.4
(−2.9)		 −10.0
(14.0)		 −6.7
(19.9)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 3.9
(39.0)		 2.0
(35.6)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 −13.0
(8.6)		 −24.0
(−11.2)		 −25.0
(−13.0)		 −25.0
(−13.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 288.4
(11.35)		 186.8
(7.35)		 160.7
(6.33)		 128.3
(5.05)		 89.5
(3.52)		 73.1
(2.88)		 62.4
(2.46)		 95.7
(3.77)		 190.2
(7.49)		 323.5
(12.74)		 320.3
(12.61)		 291.8
(11.49)		 2,210.7
(87.04)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 195.7
(7.70)		 133.6
(5.26)		 134.5
(5.30)		 123.0
(4.84)		 88.7
(3.49)		 73.1
(2.88)		 62.4
(2.46)		 95.7
(3.77)		 190.2
(7.49)		 319.9
(12.59)		 266.6
(10.50)		 202.7
(7.98)		 1,886.1
(74.26)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 92.7
(36.5)		 53.2
(20.9)		 26.3
(10.4)		 5.4
(2.1)		 0.8
(0.3)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 3.6
(1.4)		 53.7
(21.1)		 89.1
(35.1)		 324.6
(127.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 19.7 15.5 18.5 17.2 15.8 14.8 13.2 13.7 16.9 22.1 21.7 21.5 210.5
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 14.5 12.0 16.7 17.0 15.8 14.8 13.2 13.7 16.9 21.9 18.8 14.8 190.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 9.2 6.3 5.0 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 7.0 11.4 41.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 48.5 75.9 103.8 153.9 199.6 189.5 214.3 196.5 129.7 69.2 38.1 30.9 1,449.9
Percentage possible sunshine 19.5 27.7 28.3 36.6 40.3 37.1 41.7 42.7 33.9 21.1 14.8 13.3 29.7
Source:

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
198611,196—    
199111,305+1.0%
199611,136−1.5%
200110,285−7.6%
20068,987−12.6%
20118,335−7.3%
20168,131−2.4%
20218,236+1.3%

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Kitimat had a population of 8,236 living in 3,604 of its 4,381 total private dwellings, a change of 1.3% from its 2016 population of 8,131. With a land area of 239.28 km2 (92.39 sq mi), it had a population density of 34.4/km2 (89.1/sq mi) in 2021.

Ethnicity

The most common ethnicities in Kitimat as per the 2021 census are English (21.7%), Scottish (16.6%), Irish (14.6%), German (14.6%), Canadian (12.8%), Portuguese (12.6%), French (8.2%), Ukrainian (5.1%), Dutch (4%), and First Nations, n.o.s. (3.7%).

Panethnic groups in the District of Kitimat (1986−2021)
Panethnic group 2021 2016 2011 2006 2001 1996 1991 1986: 100 
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
European 6,285 76.55% 6,555 81.38% 6,950 83.38% 7,595 84.86% 8,895 86.87% 9,780 88.03% 9,645 85.51% 9,690 87.06%
Indigenous 1,240 15.1% 940 11.67% 920 11.04% 755 8.44% 540 5.27% 545 4.91% 715 6.34% 530 4.76%
Southeast Asian 200 2.44% 105 1.3% 155 1.86% 115 1.28% 90 0.88% 65 0.59% 35 0.31% 30 0.27%
South Asian 145 1.77% 155 1.92% 135 1.62% 255 2.85% 465 4.54% 430 3.87% 660 5.85% 670 6.02%
African 130 1.58% 80 0.99% 0 0% 30 0.34% 80 0.78% 40 0.36% 25 0.22% 45 0.4%
East Asian 95 1.16% 95 1.18% 120 1.44% 140 1.56% 105 1.03% 180 1.62% 165 1.46% 135 1.21%
Latin American 60 0.73% 70 0.87% 10 0.12% 45 0.5% 65 0.63% 10 0.09% 10 0.09% 20 0.18%
Middle Eastern 30 0.37% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 30 0.27% 25 0.22% 10 0.09%
Other/multiracial 25 0.3% 55 0.68% 0 0% 20 0.22% 0 0% 15 0.14% N/a N/a N/a N/a
Total responses 8,210 99.68% 8,055 99.07% 8,335 100% 8,950 99.59% 10,240 99.56% 11,110 99.77% 11,280 99.78% 11,130 99.41%
Total population 8,236 100% 8,131 100% 8,335 100% 8,987 100% 10,285 100% 11,136 100% 11,305 100% 11,196 100%
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.

Religion

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Kitimat included:

Religious groups in the District of Kitimat (1991−2021)
Religious group 2021 2011 2001 1991
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Irreligious 4,220 51.4% 3,250 38.97% 2,320 22.66% 2,765 24.51%
Christian 3,690 44.95% 4,950 59.35% 7,435 72.61% 7,775 68.93%
Muslim 110 1.34% 30 0.36% 15 0.15% 60 0.53%
Hindu 45 0.55% 30 0.36% 100 0.98% 95 0.84%
Buddhist 35 0.43% 20 0.24% 15 0.15% 55 0.49%
Sikh 20 0.24% 55 0.66% 330 3.22% 505 4.48%
Indigenous spirituality 10 0.12% 0 0% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Jewish 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 10 0.09%
Other religion 75 0.91% 0 0% 10 0.1% 15 0.13%
Total responses 8,210 99.68% 8,340 100.06% 10,240 99.56% 11,280 99.78%

Controversies

The Alcan project was not free from controversy. Politicians, aboriginal groups, farmers and residents of the Nechako Lakes District opposed the contractual release of provincial resources with the profits going to a private firm. Many individuals and groups protested the flooding caused by the creation of the new reservoir, with the destruction of homesteads, villages, burial grounds, millions of board feet of prime timber, and the disruption of prime fish habitat on the Nechako River.

In the late 1980s, the company began work on the Kemano Completion Project which would have doubled the generating capacity of the Kemano plant. After Alcan had already bored a second tunnel through the mountain and extended the generating station within the mountain, the provincial government of the day called a halt to the project for a variety of reasons. Having invested over $500 million into the project, Alcan took the provincial government to court. This controversy was settled when Alcan and the provincial government signed the 1997 KCP agreement.

Most of the first decade of the twenty-first century saw the District of Kitimat in court with the Provincial Government over the electricity rights granted to Alcan and its obligations to the Province and to the District.

Rio Tinto Alcan plans to increase the output of its Kitimat smelter from 250,000 MT/Yr to 400,000 MT/Yr and initially committed $300 million to this effort. Since late 2008, relations between Rio Tinto Alcan and the District appear to have become more cordial, with the two parties working to achieve modernization of the aluminum facilities. In December 2011, Rio Tinto Alcan announced its investment of $2.7 billion to complete the modernization of the smelter.

Media

Newspapers

  • Kitimat Northern Sentinel
  • Skeena Reporter

Radio

Television

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  2. ↑ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  3. ↑ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ↑ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ↑ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.

References

  1. ↑ "British Columbia Regional Districts, Municipalities, Corporate Name, Date of Incorporation and Postal Address" (XLS). British Columbia Ministry of Communities, Sport and Cultural Development. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Kitimat". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
  3. ↑ Mayor and Council
  4. ↑ Hamilton, William (1978). The Macmillan Book of Canadian Place Names. Toronto: Macmillan. p. 44. ISBN 0-7715-9754-1.
  5. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census – Kitimat, District municipality".
  6. ↑ The Private International Port of Kitimat (PDF), Kitimat: a Port City on the Move, Kitimat, British Columbia: District of Kitimat Development Services, 2005, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013, retrieved 5 May 2014
  7. 1 2 3 Boyer, David S. (September 1956). "Kitimat–Canada's Aluminum Titan". National Geographic. CX (3). National Geographic Society: 376–398.
  8. ↑ 'Top Planners Here to Map Alcan City', Vancouver Sun 19 September 1951 p. 21
  9. ↑ "The Town of Kitimat". Royal BC Museum. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  10. ↑ "Sample Kitimat residential land-title document, including expectation of tolerance of emissions from Alcan smelter in Kitimat, Province of British Columbia, Canada" (PDF).[dead link]
  11. ↑ Kitimat LNG. "Kitimat LNG's terminal". Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  12. ↑ Lewis, Jeff (31 July 2014), "Kitimat LNG mega-project in doubt after major American partner pulls out", Financial Post
  13. 1 2 Stephenson, Amanda (1 July 2025). "Canada ships first LNG export cargo from Pacific coast". Reuters. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
  14. ↑ Tasker, John Paul (29 November 2016). "Trudeau cabinet approves Trans Mountain, Line 3 pipelines, rejects Northern Gateway". CBC News. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
  15. ↑ "Challenges for Industry and Town". Royal BC Museum. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  16. ↑ Kendrick, John. "Making It Happen". Royal BC Museum. Archived from the original on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  17. ↑ Yunker, Zoë (10 June 2020). "Alberta and South Korea's pensions just bought the Coastal GasLink pipeline: 8 things you need to know". The Narwhal. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  18. ↑ Stephenson, Amanda (31 October 2023). "Coastal GasLink pipeline fully installed, says TC Energy". Financial Post.
  19. 1 2 "Pacific Future Energy Refinery Project". Impact Assessment Agency of Canada. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  20. 1 2 "Vancouver company pitches $10B oil sands refinery on the B.C. Coast it says would be 'world's greenest'". Financial Post.
  21. 1 2 3 "Guilbeault pulls pin on $11-billion Kitimat refinery project backed by Stockwell Day". Western Standard. 13 February 2025.
  22. ↑ "B.C. company cancels plans to build oil refinery for fuel exports to Asia". The Globe and Mail. 12 February 2025.
  23. 1 2 "Kitimat". BritishColumbia.com. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
  24. ↑ "Go North Touring Adventure: Crossing British Columbia's Mighty Skeena, Nass and Stikine Rivers into the Yukon". Camping & RVing BC. Retrieved 8 November 2026.
  25. ↑ "Calculation Information for 1981 to 2010 Canadian Normals Data". Environment Canada. Retrieved 9 July 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  26. ↑ "2011 Census: Population and dwelling counts". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  27. ↑ "2001 Community Profiles: Community Highlights for Kitimat". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  28. ↑ "1996 Census of Population: Electronic Area Profiles: Kitimat, DM". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  29. ↑ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  30. ↑ "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". Statistics Canada. 26 October 2022. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022.
  31. 1 2 3 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  32. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  33. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  34. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  35. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  36. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (4 June 2019). "Electronic Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1996 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  37. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (29 March 2019). "1991 Census Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  38. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (29 March 2019). "Data tables, 1991 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (24), Showing Single and Multiple Origins (2) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  39. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 June 2019). "Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census - Part A". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  40. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 June 2019). "Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  41. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "Canada's aboriginal population by census subdivisions from the 1986 Census of Canada". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  42. ↑ Press Release: Rio Tinto to invest US$2.7 billion to complete the modernization of the Kitimat aluminium smelter in Canada. Online at http://www.kitimatworksmodernization.com/pages/posts/rio-tinto-to-invest-us2.7-billion-to-complete-the-modernisation-of-the-kitimat-aluminium-smelter-in-canada35.php Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ↑ Kitimat Northern Sentinel
  44. ↑ "About - The Skeena Reporter". skeenareporter.com. 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  45. ↑ "Ellis Ross takes his prosperity plan to the next level". Northern Beat. Retrieved 8 November 2026.