Kuanchuanpu Formation

Kuanchuanpu Formation
Stratigraphic range: Fortunian
TypeGeological Formation
UnderliesGuojiaba Formation
OverliesDengying Formation
Lithology
PrimaryLimestone
Location
RegionShaanxi
CountryChina

The Kuanchuanpu Formation, occasionally reclassified as the Kuanchuanpu Member of the Dengying Formation, is a geologic formation located in Shaanxi province in China. It is one of the earliest Cambrian formations, dating right to the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary. This formation preserves numerous meiofauna through Orsten-type preservation.

Paleobiota

Animals

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text
crossed out taxa are discredited.

Animals
Genus Species Higher taxon Notes Images
Saccorhytus S. coronarius Ecdysozoa Formerly misidentified as a deuterostome, debated whether it is a scalidophoran larva or an adult ecdysozoan
Saccorhytus reconstruction
Saccus S. necopinus, S. xixiangensis Ecdysozoa May resemble Saccorhytus as adults?
Eolympia E. pediculata incertae sedis At different points claimed to be a sea anemone, a ctenophore or a scalidophoran worm.
Eopriapulites E. sphinx Ecdysozoa A basal priapulid or a stem-cycloneuralian
Dahescolex D. kuanchuanpuensis Scalidophora Likely a stem-scalidophoran
Zhongpingscolex Z. qinensis Kinorhyncha? Possibly a stem-group kinorhynch
Eokinorhynchus E. rarus Kinorhyncha First described kinorhynch fossil
Qinscolex Q. spinosus Scalidophora A stem-scalidophoran
Shanscolex S. decorus Scalidophora A stem-scalidophoran
Xinliscolex X. intermedius Scalidophora A stem-scalidophoran
Feiyanella F. manica Cloudinidae Shows dichotomous branching and so likely reproduced asexually
Sinaster S. petalon Cubozoa Likely a stem-cubozoan
Hanagyroia H. orientalis Medusozoa Transitional between scyphozoans and cubozoans
Primocyathus P. uniseriatus Archaeocyatha One of the earliest known sponges, and the earliest known archaeocyath
Sinocyathus S. biseriatus Archaeocyatha One of the earliest known sponges, and the earliest known archaeocyath
Protohertzina P. anabarica, P. unguliformis Protoconodonta An early protoconodont, included in Small Shelly Fossils
Anabarites A. trisulcatus, A. rotundus Anabaritidae Enigmatic small shelly fossil, may be related to olivooids
Conotheca C. subcurvata Orthothecida One of the earliest hyolith fossils known
Siphogonuchites S. mirus, S. triangularis Siphogonuchitida Sclerite of a possible early mollusc?
Lopochites L. quadrigonus, L. latizonalis Siphogonuchitida Sclerite of a possible early mollusc?
Maikhanella M. multa Halkieriida? Cap-like shell, possibly of an early mollusc?
Carinachites C. spinatus, C. platus Conulatae Cnidarian sclerite, related to the conulariids
Acanthocassis A. orthacanthus incertae sedis May be cuticular ornaments?
Xinlispina X. spinosa incertae sedis May be cuticular ornaments?
Cambrothyra C. truncata "Coeloscleritophora" Resembles chancelloriid sclerites
Hexaconularia H. sp Conulariida? An SSF allied with conulariids
Punctatus P. emeiensis Eumetazoa A well-studied fossil from Kuanchuanpu, may not be a cnidarian?
Olivooides O. multisulcatus Olivooidae Possibly a cnidarian, but may be a cycloneuralian instead
Quadrapyrgites Q. quadratacris Olivooidae? Related to Olivooides and Punctatus, likely a scyphozoan
Octapyrgites O. elongatus Olivooidae A very large olivooid
Qinscyphus Q. necopinus Scyphozoa Underwent direct development
Eolarva E. kuanchuanpuensis Cnidaria? Originally described as a cnidarian larva, but reassigned to Ecdysozoa
Pseudooides P. prima Cnidaria Originally thought to be a scalidophoran larva
Decimoconularia D. anisfacialis Hexangulaconulariidae Formerly assigned to Hexaconularia
Indeterminate limbed forms Unapplicable Bilateria Possibly lobopodians or annelids, preserved unusually through microbial colonisation
Emeiconularia E. amplicanalis Hexangulaconulariidae

Microbes and Algae

Microbes and Algae
Genus Species Higher taxon Notes Images
Calathophycus C. irregulatus Diaphoretickes incertae sedis Indeterminate cup-shaped alga, may be a fragment of a Dictyosphaeria-like form?
Myxococcoides M. sp Cyanobacteria Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacterium
Gloeodiniopsis G. lamellose Chroococcaceae Coccoid cyanobacterium
Siphonophycus S. solidum, S. typicum, S. cf. septatum Oscillatoriales Filamentous cyanobacterium
Line drawing reconstruction of Siphonophycus attenuatum
Endoconchia? ?E. sp incertae sedis Filaments growing on the inside of shelled fauna
Palaeosiphonella P. sp Cyanobacteria Filamentous cyanobacterium
Megathrix M. longus Oscillatoriaceae Filamentous cyanobacterium
Girvanella G. problematica, G. wetheredii Oscillatoriaceae Filamentous cyanobacteria, formed small irregular mats
Cambricodium C. capilloides Rivulariaceae Large filamentous cyanobacterium with a holdfast
Archaeooides A. granulatus Diaphoretickes Formerly thought to be an animal egg
Shaanisphaera S. spinosa Diaphoretickes Separated out from Archaeooides
Qinlingisphaera Q. conica Diaphoretickes Separated out from Archaeooides
Dahisphaera D. plana Diaphoretickes Separated out from Archaeooides
Concavaesphaera C. ornata Eukaryota incertae sedis Multicellular acritarch, likely an independent evolution of multicellularity

References

  1. ↑ Yunhuan Liu; Emily Carlisle; Huaqiao Zhang; Ben Yang; Michael Steiner; Tiequan Shao; Baichuan Duan; Federica Marone; Shuhai Xiao; Philip C. J. Donoghue (2022). "Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan and not the earliest deuterostome". Nature. 609 (7927): 541–546. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..541L. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z. hdl:1983/454e7bec-4cd4-4121-933e-abeab69e96c1. PMID 35978194. S2CID 251646316.
  2. ↑ Han, Jian; Conway Morris, Simon; Ou, Qiang; Shu, Degan; Huang, Hai (2017). "Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China)". Nature. 542 (7640): 228–231. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..228H. doi:10.1038/nature21072. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28135722. S2CID 353780.
  3. 1 2 Wang, Deng; Han, Jian; Guo, Junfeng; Qiang, Yaqin (March 2025). "Origin and evolution of bodyplans of ecdysozoans during the Cambrian explosion". Chinese Journal of Nature. 47 (2): 125–133. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2025.02.004.
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  5. ↑ Liu, Mingjin; Xian, Xiaofeng; Zhang, Huaqiao; Eriksson, Mats E.; Liu, Yunhuan; Shao, Tiequan (February 2025). "New ecdysozoan fossil embryos from the basal Cambrian of China". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 659 112635. Bibcode:2025PPP...65912635L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112635.
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  10. ↑ Shao, T.Q.; Wang, Q.; Liu, Y.H.; Qin, J.C.; Zhang, Y.N.; Liu, M.J.; Shao, Y.; Zhao, J.Y.; Zhang, H.Q. (October 2020). "A new scalidophoran animal from the Cambrian Fortunian Stage of South China and its implications for the origin and early evolution of Kinorhyncha". Precambrian Research. 349 105616. Bibcode:2020PreR..34905616S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105616.
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