Layer-1 blockchain

Layer-1 blockchain refers to the base protocol of a blockchain network that operates independently and can process and finalize cryptocurrency transactions without relying on another blockchain.

Bitcoin was the first Layer-1 blockchain. Others, such as Ethereum, Solana, and Sui, emerged to support more complex decentralized interactions through smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps).

Layer-1 blockchains differ from Layer-2 solutions, which are secondary protocols built on top of Layer-1 networks to enhance scalability and transaction speeds.

References

↑ Roberts, Jeff John (2022-10-03). "Mysten Labs and the case for a brand-new blockchain". Fortune. Retrieved 2026-08-12.
↑ Song, Han; Qu, Zhongche; Wei, Yihao (2024). "Advancing Blockchain Scalability: An Introduction to Layer 1 and Layer 2 Solutions". arXiv:2406.13855 [cs.CR].
↑ "Layer 1 vs. Layer 2: The Difference Between Blockchain Scaling Solutions". Investopedia. Retrieved 2025-02-10.

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[1] Roberts, Jeff John (2022-10-03). "Mysten Labs and the case for a brand-new blockchain". Fortune. Retrieved 2026-08-12.

[2] Song, Han; Qu, Zhongche; Wei, Yihao (2024). "Advancing Blockchain Scalability: An Introduction to Layer 1 and Layer 2 Solutions". arXiv:2406.13855 [cs.CR].

[3] "Layer 1 vs. Layer 2: The Difference Between Blockchain Scaling Solutions". Investopedia. Retrieved 2025-02-10.