Line (unit)

The line (abbreviated L or l or ‴ or lin.) was a small English unit of length, variously reckoned as 1⁄10, 1⁄12, 1⁄16, or 1⁄40 of an inch. It was not included among the units defined in the Weights and Measures Act 1824, which established the British Imperial units of measurement system.

Size

The line was not recognized by any statute of the English Parliament but was usually understood as 1⁄4 of a barleycorn, (which itself was recognized by statute as 1⁄3 of an inch) making it 1⁄12 of an inch, and 1⁄144 of a foot. The line was eventually decimalized as 1⁄10 of an inch, without recourse to barleycorns.

The US button trade uses the same or a similar term but defined as one-fortieth of the US-customary inch (making a button-maker's line equal to 0.635 mm (0.0250 in)).

In use

Botanists formerly used the unit (usually as 1⁄12 inch) to measure the size of plant parts. Linnaeus's Philosophia botanica (1751) includes the Linea in its summary of units of measurements, defining it as Linea una Mensurae parisinae [lit. 'One line of the Parisian measure']; Stearns gives its length as 2.25 mm (0.089 in). Even after metrication, British botanists continued to employ tools with gradations marked as linea (lines); the British line is approximately 2.1 mm (0.083 in) and the Paris line approximately 2.3 mm (0.091 in).

Entomologists in the UK and other European countries in the 1800s used lines as a unit of measurement for insects, at least for the relatively large mantids and phasmids. Examples include Westwood, in the UK, and de Haan in the Netherlands.

Gunsmiths and armament companies also employed the 1⁄10-inch line (the "decimal line"), in part owing to the importance of the German and Russian arms industries. These are now given in terms of millimeters, but the seemingly arbitrary 7.62 mm (0.30 in) caliber was originally understood as a 3-line caliber (as with the 1891 Mosin–Nagant rifle). The 12.7 mm (0.50 in) caliber used by the M2 Browning machine gun was similarly a 5-line caliber.

Other 'line' units

Other similar small units called lines include:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 2.54, 2.12, 1.59, 0.64 mm, rounded to two decimal places.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Barleycorn". Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. a former unit of measurement (about a third of an inch) based on the length of a grain of barley
  2. ↑ Fowler, W. (1884). "On the ancient terms applicable to the measurement of land". Transactions. Vol. XVI. Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. p. 277.
  3. ↑ Jefferson (1790).
  4. ↑ Niles (1814), p. 22.
  5. ↑ Jefferson, republished by Niles.
  6. ↑ "An Easy Guide to Button Measurement and Sizing". Sun Mei Button Enterprise Co., Ltd. 19 June 2019.
  7. ↑ The Metric System | Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Manufactures, United States Senate, Sixty-seventh Congress, First and Second Sessions on S. 2267 a Bill to Fix the Metric System of Weights and Measures as the Single Standard of Weights and Measures for Certain Uses. By United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Manufactures. 11 October 1921. p. 216.
  8. ↑ Stearn, W.T. (1992). Botanical Latin: History, grammar, syntax, terminology, and vocabulary (Fourth ed.). David and Charles.
  9. ↑ Westwood, J.O. (1859). Catalogue of the Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of British Museum. Part I: Phasmidae. British Museum, London.
  10. ↑ Westwood, J.O. (1889). Revisio Insectorum Familiae Mantidarum, speciebus novis aut minus cognitis descriptis et delineatis. – Revisio Mantidarum. Gurney & Jackson, London.
  11. ↑ Haan, W.de (1842). Bijdragen tot de Kennis Orthoptera. in C.J. Temminck, Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen. volume 2.
  12. 1 2 Hogg (1991).
  13. ↑ Cardarelli (2004), pp. 121–124.
  14. ↑ Albert Johannsen. "Manual of petrographic methods". p. 623.
  15. ↑ Karl Wilhelm Naegeli; Simon Schwendener. "The Microscope in Theory and Practice". p. 294.

Bibliography