List of governors of Alaska

Governor of Alaska
Alaaskam Kavanaa
The Seal of the State of Alaska
Incumbent
Mike Dunleavy
since December 3, 2018
Government of Alaska
Type
ResidenceAlaska Governor's Mansion
Term length
  • Four years, renewable once consecutively
Inaugural holderWilliam A. Egan
FormationJanuary 3, 1959
SuccessionLine of succession
DeputyLieutenant Governor of Alaska
Salary$145,000 (2022)
Websitegov.alaska.gov

The governor of Alaska (Iñupiaq: Alaaskam kavanaa) is the head of government of Alaska. The governor is the chief executive of the state and is the holder of the highest office in the executive branch of the government as well as being the commander in chief of the Alaska's state forces.

Twelve people have served as governor of the State of Alaska over 14 distinct terms, though Alaska had over 30 civilian and military governors during its long history as a United States territory. Only two governors, William A. Egan and Bill Walker, were born in Alaska. Two people, Egan and Wally Hickel, have been elected to multiple non-consecutive terms as governor. Hickel is also noted for a rare third party win in American politics, having been elected to a term in 1990 representing the Alaskan Independence Party. The longest-serving governor of the state was Egan, who was elected three times and served nearly 12 years. The longest-serving territorial governor was Ernest Gruening, who served over 13 years.

The current governor is Republican Mike Dunleavy, who took office on December 3, 2018.

Governors before statehood

Alaska was purchased by the United States from the Russian Empire in 1867, with formal transfer occurring on October 18, 1867, which is now celebrated as Alaska Day. Before then, it was known as Russian America or Russian Alaska, controlled by the governors and general managers of the Russian-American Company.

The vast region was initially designated the Department of Alaska, under the jurisdiction of the Department of War until 1877, when the Army was withdrawn from Alaska. The Department of the Treasury then took control, with the Collector of Customs as the highest ranking federal official in the territory. In 1879, the Navy was given jurisdiction over the department.

Some believe the first American administrator of Alaska was Polish immigrant Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski. However, the Anchorage Daily News was unable to find any conclusive information to support this claim.

Governors of the District of Alaska

On May 17, 1884, the Department of Alaska was redesignated the District of Alaska, an incorporated but unorganized territory with a civil government. The governor was appointed by the president of the United States.

Governors of the District of Alaska
No. Governor Term in office Appointed by
1 John Henry Kinkead
(1826–1904)
 July 4, 1884
–
May 8, 1885
(309 days; replaced)		 Chester A. Arthur
2 Alfred P. Swineford
(1836–1909)
 May 8, 1885
–
April 13, 1889
(1437 days; resigned)		 Grover Cleveland
3 Lyman Enos Knapp
(1837–1904)
 April 13, 1889
–
June 28, 1893
(1538 days; replaced)		 Benjamin Harrison
4 James Sheakley
(1829–1917)
 June 28, 1893
–
June 19, 1897
(1453 days; resigned)		 Grover Cleveland
5 John Green Brady
(1848–1918)
 June 19, 1897
–
March 21, 1906
(3197 days; resigned)		 William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
6 Wilford Bacon Hoggatt
(1865–1938)
 March 21, 1906
–
October 1, 1909
(1291 days; resigned)		 Theodore Roosevelt
7 Walter Eli Clark
(1869–1950)
 October 1, 1909
–
August 24, 1912
(1059 days;
became territorial governor)		 William Howard Taft

Governors of the Territory of Alaska

The District of Alaska was organized into Alaska Territory on August 24, 1912. Governors continued to be appointed by the president of the United States.

Governors of the Territory of Alaska
No. Governor Term in office Appointed by
1 Walter Eli Clark
(1869–1950)
 August 24, 1912
–
May 1, 1913
(251 days; resigned)		 William Howard Taft
2 John Franklin Alexander Strong
(1856–1929)
 May 1, 1913
–
April 12, 1918
(1808 days; replaced)		 Woodrow Wilson
3 Thomas Riggs Jr.
(1873–1945)
 April 12, 1918
–
June 13, 1921
(1159 days; resigned)		 Woodrow Wilson
4 Scott Cordelle Bone
(1860–1936)
 June 13, 1921
–
February 18, 1925
(1347 days; replaced)		 Warren G. Harding
5 George Alexander Parks
(1883–1984)
 February 18, 1925
–
March 30, 1933
(2963 days; replaced)		 Calvin Coolidge
6 John Weir Troy
(1868–1942)
 March 30, 1933
–
December 5, 1939
(2442 days; resigned)		 Franklin D. Roosevelt
7 Ernest Gruening
(1887–1974)
 December 5, 1939
–
March 16, 1953
(4851 days; replaced)		 Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
8 B. Frank Heintzleman
(1888–1965)
 March 16, 1953
–
January 3, 1957
(1390 days; resigned)		 Dwight D. Eisenhower
9 Mike Stepovich
(1919–2014)
 May 16, 1957
–
August 9, 1958
(451 days; resigned)		 Dwight D. Eisenhower

Governors of the State of Alaska

Alaska was admitted to the Union on January 3, 1959.

The state constitution provides for the election of a governor and lieutenant governor every four years on the same ticket, with their terms commencing on the first Monday in the December following the election. Governors are allowed to succeed themselves once, having to wait four years after their second term in a row before being allowed to run again. Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor assumes the office of governor. The original constitution of 1956 created the office of secretary of state, which was functionally identical to a lieutenant governor, and was renamed to "lieutenant governor" in 1970.

Governors of the State of Alaska
No. Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor
1 William A. Egan
(1914–1984)
 January 3, 1959
–
December 5, 1966
(2894 days; lost election)		 Democratic 1958 Hugh Wade
1962
2 Wally Hickel
(1919–2010)
 December 5, 1966
–
January 24, 1969
(782 days; resigned)		 Republican 1966 Keith Harvey Miller
3 Keith Harvey Miller
(1925–2019)
 January 24, 1969
–
December 7, 1970
(683 days; lost election)		 Republican Succeeded from
secretary
of state		 Robert W. Ward
1 William A. Egan
(1914–1984)
 December 7, 1970
–
December 2, 1974
(1457 days; lost election)		 Democratic 1970 H. A. Boucher
4 Jay Hammond
(1922–2005)
 December 2, 1974
–
December 6, 1982
(2927 days; term-limited)		 Republican 1974 Lowell Thomas Jr.
1978 Terry Miller
5 Bill Sheffield
(1928–2022)
 December 6, 1982
–
December 1, 1986
(1457 days;
lost nomination)		 Democratic 1982 Steve McAlpine
6 Steve Cowper
(b. 1938)
 December 1, 1986
–
December 3, 1990
(1464 days; retired)		 Democratic 1986
2 Wally Hickel
(1919–2010)
 December 3, 1990
–
December 5, 1994
(1464 days; retired)		 Alaskan
Independence		 1990 Jack Coghill
7 Tony Knowles
(b. 1943)
 December 5, 1994
–
December 2, 2002
(2920 days; term-limited)		 Democratic 1994 Fran Ulmer
1998
8 Frank Murkowski
(b. 1933)
 December 2, 2002
–
December 4, 2006
(1464 days;
lost nomination)		 Republican 2002 Loren Leman
9 Sarah Palin
(b. 1964)
 December 4, 2006
–
July 26, 2009
(966 days; resigned)		 Republican 2006 Sean Parnell
10 Sean Parnell
(b. 1962)
 July 26, 2009
–
December 1, 2014
(1955 days; lost election)		 Republican Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
Craig Campbell
(took office August 10, 2009)
2010 Mead Treadwell
11 Bill Walker
(b. 1951)
 December 1, 2014
–
December 3, 2018
(1464 days; withdrew)		 Independent 2014 Byron Mallott
(resigned October 16, 2018)
Valerie Davidson
12 Mike Dunleavy
(b. 1961)
 December 3, 2018
–
Incumbent
(in office 2888 days)		 Republican 2018 Kevin Meyer
2022 Nancy Dahlstrom

Timeline

Elections

Gubernatorial elections of the State of Alaska
Election date Incumbent Winner Runner-up Term start date Term Definitions
Length Limit Beginning
November 25
1958
 new office William A. Egan
Dem., 59.6%		 John Butrovich
Rep., 39.4%		 January 3, 1959 1956 constitution
Four years Can succeed self once,
then must wait a term		 First Monday
in December
November 6
1962
 William A. Egan
Dem., running		 William A. Egan
Dem., 52.3%		 Mike Stepovich
Rep., 47.7%		 December 3, 1962
November 8
1966
 William A. Egan
Dem., running		 Wally Hickel
Rep., 50.0%		 William A. Egan
Dem., 48.4%		 December 5, 1966
November 3
1970
 Keith Harvey Miller
Rep., running		 William A. Egan
Dem., 52.4%		 Keith Harvey Miller
Rep., 46.1%		 December 7, 1970
November 5
1974
 William A. Egan
Dem., running		 Jay Hammond
Rep., 47.7%		 William A. Egan
Dem., 47.4%		 December 2, 1974
November 7
1978
 Jay Hammond
Rep., running		 Jay Hammond
Rep., 39.1%		 Wally Hickel
Write-in, 26.4%		 December 4, 1978
November 2
1982
 Jay Hammond
Rep., term-limited		 Bill Sheffield
Dem., 46.1%		 Tom Fink
Rep., 37.1%		 December 6, 1982
November 4
1986
 Bill Sheffield
Dem., lost nomination		 Steve Cowper
Dem., 47.3%		 Arliss Sturgulewski
Rep., 42.6%		 December 1, 1986
November 6
1990
 Steve Cowper
Dem., retiring		 Wally Hickel
Alaskan Ind., 38.9%		 Tony Knowles
Dem., 30.9%		 December 3, 1990
November 8
1994
 Wally Hickel
Alaskan Ind., retiring		 Tony Knowles
Dem., 41.1%		 Jim Campbell
Rep., 40.8%		 December 5, 1994
November 3
1998
 Tony Knowles
Dem., running		 Tony Knowles
Dem., 51.3%		 Robin L. Taylor
Write-in, 18.3%		 December 7, 1998
November 5
2002
 Tony Knowles
Dem., term-limited		 Frank Murkowski
Rep., 55.8%		 Fran Ulmer
Dem., 40.7%		 December 2, 2002
November 7
2006
 Frank Murkowski
Rep., lost nomination		 Sarah Palin
Rep., 48.3%		 Tony Knowles
Dem., 41.0%		 December 4, 2006
November 2
2010
 Sean Parnell
Rep., running		 Sean Parnell
Rep., 59.1%		 Ethan Berkowitz
Dem., 37.7%		 December 6, 2010
November 4
2014
 Sean Parnell
Rep., running		 Bill Walker
Ind., 48.1%		 Sean Parnell
Rep., 45.9%		 December 1, 2014
November 6
2018
 Bill Walker
Ind., withdrawn		 Mike Dunleavy
Rep., 51.4%		 Mark Begich
Dem., 44.4%		 December 3, 2018
November 8
2022
 Mike Dunleavy
Rep., running		 Mike Dunleavy
Rep., 50.3%		 Les Gara
Dem., 24.2%		 December 5, 2022
November 3
2026		 Mike Dunleavy
Rep., term-limited		 Upcoming election; results to be determined December 7, 2026

Electoral history

Year Democratic nominee Republican nominee Independent candidate Alaskan Independence nominee Libertarian nominee Green nominee Other candidate
Candidate # % Candidate # % Candidate # % Candidate # % Candidate # % Candidate # % Candidate # %
1958 William A. Egan 29,189 59.61% John Butrovich 19,299 39.41% Mike Dollinter 480 0.98% – – – –
1962 William A. Egan 29,627 52.27% Mike Stepovich 27,054 47.73% – – – – –
1966 William A. Egan 32,065 48.37% Wally Hickel 33,145 49.99% John Grasse 1,084 1.64% – – – –
1970 William A. Egan 42,309 52.38% Keith Harvey Miller 37,264 46.13% – – – – Ralph Anderson
(American Independent)		 1,206 1.49%
1974 William A. Egan 45,553 47.37% Jay Hammond 45,840 47.67% – Joseph E. Vogler 4,770 4.96% – – –
1978 Chancy Croft 25,656 20.22% Jay Hammond 49,580 39.07% Tom Kelly 15,656 12.34% Don Wright 2,463 1.94% – – Wally Hickel
(Republican/Write-in)		 33,555 26.44%
1982 Bill Sheffield 89,918 46.12% Tom Fink 72,291 37.09% – Joseph E. Vogler 3,235 1.66% Dick Randolph 29,067 14.91% – –
1986 Steve Cowper 84,943 47.31% Arliss Sturgulewski 76,515 42.61% – Joseph E. Vogler 10,013 5.58% Mary Jane O'Brannon 1,050 0.58% – –
1990 Tony Knowles 60,201 30.91% Arliss Sturgulewski 50,991 26.18% – Wally Hickel 75,721 38.88% – Jim Sykes 6,563 3.37% Michael O'Callaghan
(The Political Party)		 942 0.48%
1994 Tony Knowles 87,693 41.08% Jim Campbell 87,157 40.84% – Jack Coghill 27,838 13.04% – Jim Sykes 8,727 4.09% Ralph Winterrowd
(Patriot)		 1,743 0.82%
1998 Tony Knowles 112,879 51.27% John Howard
Lindauer		 39,331 17.86% Robin L. Taylor
(Republican/Write-in)		 40,209 18.26% Sylvia Sullivan 4,238 1.92% – Desa Jacobsson 6,618 3.01% Ray Metcalfe
(Republican Moderate)		 13,540 6.15%
2002 Fran Ulmer 94,216 40.70% Frank Murkowski 129,279 55.85% – Don Wright 2,185 0.94% Billy Toien 1,109 0.48% Diane E. Benson 2,926 1.26% Raymond VinZant
(Republican Moderate)		 1,506 0.65%
2006 Tony Knowles 97,238 40.97% Sarah Palin 114,697 48.33% Andrew Halcro 22,443 9.46% Don Wright 1,285 0.54% Billy Toien 682 0.29% David Massie 593 0.25% –
2010 Ethan Berkowitz 96,519 37.67% Sean Parnell 151,318 59.06% – Don Wright 4,775 1.86% Billy Toien 2,682 1.05% – –
2014 – Sean Parnell 128,435 45.88% Bill Walker 134,658 48.10% – Carolyn Clift 8,985 3.21% – J.R. Myers
(Constitution)		 6,987 2.50%
2018 Mark Begich 125,739 44.41% Mike Dunleavy 145,631 51.44% Bill Walker 5,757 2.03% – Billy Toien 5,402 1.91% – –
2022 Les Gara 63,851 24.21% Mike Dunleavy 132,632 50.29% Bill Walker 54,688 20.73% – – – Charlie Pierce
(Republican)		 11,817 4.48%

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 The range given is from the date the governor was confirmed by the Senate, or appointed by the President during a Senate recess, to the date the governor's successor was confirmed, unless noted.
  2. ↑ Kinkead was nominated on June 27, 1884, and confirmed by the Senate on July 4. It is unknown precisely when he took office; the only contemporary news found thus far reported it was on or just before September 15.
  3. ↑ Swineford was appointed on May 8, 1885, during a Senate recess; nominated on December 10; and confirmed by the Senate on June 7. He took office in Alaska on September 15.
  4. ↑ Swineford submitted his resignation on March 4, 1889, to take effect when his successor was appointed; while modern sources say he resigned on April 20, his successor was nominated on April 13, took the oath of office outside of the state on April 15, and took office on June 1. As no sourcing of when Swineford actually left office has been found, this article uses the date his successor was confirmed, April 13.
  5. ↑ Knapp was appointed on April 13, 1889, during a Senate recess; nominated on December 17; and confirmed by the Senate on December 21. He took the oath of office out of state on April 15, and took office on June 1.
  6. ↑ No sources specify when Knapp left office; McMullin says "August 1893", which is when his successor took office, but their presidential appointment specified, "vice Lyman E. Knapp, removed", implying he may not have remained governor until then. As his successor was appointed on June 28, that date is used here.
  7. ↑ Sheakley was appointed on June 28, 1893, during a Senate recess; nominated on August 18; and confirmed by the Senate on August 22. He took office on August 29.
  8. ↑ The nomination of Brady as Sheakley's successor was confirmed on June 19, 1897, and he arrived in the district on July 15, 1897, which is when contemporary press reported that Sheakley had resigned; however, as Brady's nomination said Sheakley had resigned, this implies a resignation post-dated to when his successor arrived. No source yet found specifies why this resignation occurred.
  9. ↑ Brady was nominated on June 15, 1897, confirmed by the Senate on June 19, and took office on July 15. He was reconfirmed by the Senate on June 7, 1900, and January 15, 1905.
  10. ↑ Brady was forced to resign due to his involvement with the fraudulent Reynolds–Alaska Development Company. He submitted his resignation on February 14, 1906, to take effect upon the appointment of his successor.
  11. ↑ Hoggatt was nominated on March 12, 1906, confirmed by the Senate on March 21, and took office on April 30.
  12. ↑ Hoggatt resigned to tend to business interests. He submitted his resignation on May 18, 1909, to take effect on October 1, when his successor's term was scheduled to begin.
  13. ↑ Clark was nominated on May 18, 1909, and confirmed by the Senate on May 20, for a term set to begin October 1.
  14. ↑ Clark submitted his resignation on March 4, 1913, to take effect upon the appointment of his successor, to return to private life.
  15. ↑ Strong was nominated on April 21, 1913, confirmed by the Senate on May 1, and took office on May 21.
  16. ↑ According to Ernest Gruening, Wilson declined to reappoint Strong because he may have still been a Canadian citizen. President Wilson's nomination of Strong's successor specified, "vice John F. A. Strong, term expired and resigned;" however, Strong denied resigning.
  17. ↑ Riggs was nominated on March 7, 1918, confirmed by the Senate on April 12, and took office on April 26.
  18. ↑ President Wilson's nomination of Riggs' successor specified, "vice Thomas Riggs, resigned;" no other reference to Riggs' resignation has been found.
  19. ↑ Bone was nominated on June 1, 1921, and confirmed by the Senate on June 13. He was sworn in out of state on June 15, and took office on July 13.
  20. ↑ Parks was nominated on February 16, 1925, confirmed on February 18, and took office on June 16.
  21. ↑ Troy was nominated on March 23, 1933, confirmed on March 30, and took office on April 19. He was reconfirmed by the Senate on May 20, 1937.
  22. ↑ Troy resigned due to poor health. He submitted his resignation on August 29, 1939, to take effect October 15; he was asked by President Roosevelt to remain until his successor took office.
  23. ↑ During most of World War II, Lt. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., was the military commander of Alaska, and held much executive power over the territory.
  24. ↑ Gruening was appointed on September 2, 1939, during a Senate recess; nominated on January 4, 1940, and confirmed by the Senate on February 1, 1940. He took office on December 5, 1939. He was reconfirmed by the Senate on March 22, 1944, and April 8, 1949.
  25. ↑ Heintzleman was nominated on March 11, 1953, confirmed by the Senate on March 16, and took office on April 10.
  26. ↑ Heintzleman resigned to return to private life; some sources say he was unhappy with the job, and did not expect to be reappointed. He submitted his resignation to President Eisenhower on December 19, 1956, and it took effect on January 3, 1957; Territorial Secretary Waino Hendrickson acted as governor until his successor arrived.
  27. ↑ Stepovich was nominated on May 9, 1957, confirmed by the Senate on May 16, and took office on June 8.
  28. ↑ Stepovich resigned to run for the United States Senate, losing that election. He submitted his resignation on August 1, 1958, to take effect August 9; Territorial Secretary Waino Hendrickson acted as governor until statehood.
  29. ↑ The office of lieutenant governor was named secretary of state until 1970.
  30. ↑ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  31. ↑ As Egan's first term did not begin until statehood, he had not served the "two full successive terms" that would have constitutionally prohibited him from running for a third term.
  32. ↑ Hickel resigned, having been confirmed as United States Secretary of the Interior.
  33. 1 2 Governors who have served two full successive terms are not eligible again until another full term has passed.
  34. ↑ Hickel was elected as a member of the Alaskan Independence Party, and switched to the Republican party in April 1994.
  35. ↑ Palin resigned, citing the costs of ethics investigations.
  36. ↑ Campbell's position was termed "Temporary Substitute Lieutenant Governor until he was confirmed by the Alaska Legislature on August 10, 2009.
  37. ↑ Walker withdrew from the election on October 19, 2018, after the deadline of September 4, and so remained on the ballot.
  38. ↑ Represented the Democratic Party
  39. ↑ Dunleavy's second term began on December 5, 2022, and will expire on December 7, 2026; he will be term-limited.
  40. ↑ Mike Stepovich was the incumbent governor of Alaska Territory at the time of the election.
  41. ↑ As Egan's first term was not a four full years, he was able to run for a third successive term.
  42. ↑ Miller succeeded Hickel upon his resignation on January 24, 1969.
  43. ↑ Parnell succeeded Palin upon her resignation on July 26, 2009.

References

  1. ↑ "Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries". Council of State Governments. Archived from the original on September 29, 2026. Retrieved October 5, 2026.
  2. ↑ "Purchase of Alaska, 1867". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on September 30, 2026. Retrieved October 5, 2026.
  3. ↑ Gates 2007, p. 86.
  4. ↑ Ruskin, Liz (December 20, 2002). Written at Washington, D.C.. "Barking up the wrong Pole: Hero wasn't governor". Anchorage Daily News. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ↑ 23 Stat. 24
  6. ↑ McMullin 1984, pp. 3–4.
  7. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 48th Cong., 1st sess. p. 302 – via HathiTrust.
  8. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 48th Cong., 1st sess. p. 330 – via HathiTrust.
  9. ↑ Written at Washington, D.C.. "The New Alaskan Government". Scranton Weekly Republican. Scranton, Pennsylvania (published November 12, 1884). November 7, 1884. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ↑ McMullin 1984, pp. 4–5.
  11. ↑ Written at Washington, D.C.. "A New Governor for Alaska". Reno Evening Gazette. Reno, Nevada (published May 9, 1885). May 8, 1885. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 49th Cong., 1st sess. p. 55 – via HathiTrust.
  13. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 49th Cong., 1st sess. p. 487 – via HathiTrust.
  14. ↑ Written at Washington, D.C.. "Alaska Territory - The Governor Arrived". Daily Examiner. San Francisco (published October 4, 1885). October 3, 1885. p. 8. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ↑ Written at Port Townsend, Washington. "Gov. Swineford Resigns". Weekly Wisconsin. Milwaukee. March 9, 1889. p. 11. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ↑ McMullin 1984, p. 5.
  17. 1 2 3 4 United States House of Representatives. H.R. Exec. Doc. No. 1, 51st Cong., 1st Sess. (1889), serial 2726. p. 219 – via HathiTrust.
  18. ↑ McMullin 1984, pp. 6–7.
  19. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 51st Cong., 1st sess. p. 167 – via HathiTrust.
  20. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 51st Cong., 1st sess. p. 331 – via HathiTrust.
  21. 1 2 3 United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 53rd Cong., 1st sess. p. 32 – via HathiTrust.
  22. ↑ McMullin 1984, pp. 7–8.
  23. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 53rd Cong., 1st sess. p. 46 – via HathiTrust.
  24. ↑ McMullin 1984, p. 7.
  25. ↑ Written at Seattle. "10,000 Have Gone... Ex-Governor Sheakley Says Wait for Spring". The Buffalo Sunday News. Buffalo, New York (published August 15, 1897). August 14, 1897. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. 1 2 United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 55th Cong., 1st sess. p. 165 – via HathiTrust.
  27. ↑ McMullin 1984, pp. 8–11.
  28. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 55th Cong., 1st sess. p. 177 – via HathiTrust.
  29. 1 2 McMullin 1984, p. 10.
  30. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 56th Cong., 1st sess. p. 530 – via HathiTrust.
  31. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 58th Cong., 3rd sess. p. 457 – via HathiTrust.
  32. ↑ Janson, Lone (1975). The Copper Spike. Alaska Northwest Publishing Co. p. 44. ISBN 0-88240-045-2.
  33. ↑ Written at Washington, D.C.. "Governor Brady Resigns". Alaska Prospector. Valdez, Alaska (published March 1, 1906). February 14, 1906. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ↑ McMullin 1984, pp. 11–12.
  35. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 59th Cong., 1st sess. p. 299 – via HathiTrust.
  36. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 59th Cong., 1st sess. p. 321 – via HathiTrust.
  37. ↑ "Gov. Hoggatt Takes Oath of Office". Daily Alaskan. Skagway, Alaska. May 2, 1906. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ↑ Written at Washington, D.C.. "Newspaper Man to Rule Alaska". Tacoma Daily Ledger. Tacoma, Washington (published May 19, 1909). May 18, 1909. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. 1 2 McMullin 1984, pp. 12–14.
  40. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 61st Cong., 1st sess. p. 82 – via HathiTrust.
  41. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 61st Cong., 1st sess. p. 84 – via HathiTrust.
  42. ↑ Written at Juneau, Alaska. "Clark Will Oust Graft". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Spokane, Washington (published October 2, 1909). October 1, 1909. p. 24. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. ↑ 37 Stat. 512
  44. ↑ "Gov. Clark Resigns". Alaska Daily Empire. March 5, 1913. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ↑ McMullin 1984, pp. 14–15.
  46. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 63rd Cong., 1st sess. p. 32 – via HathiTrust.
  47. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 63rd Cong., 1st sess. p. 56 – via HathiTrust.
  48. ↑ Written at Juneau. "Strong Governor of Alaska Now". The Tacoma Times. Tacoma, Washington. May 21, 1913. p. 3. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. ↑ McMullin 1984, p. 15.
  50. 1 2 United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 65th Cong., 2nd sess. p. 768 – via HathiTrust.
  51. ↑ Written at Juneau, Alaska. "Gov. Strong Is Denying Report That He Quit". Seward Gateway. Seward, Alaska. March 8, 1918. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  52. ↑ McMullin 1984, pp. 15–17.
  53. ↑ United States Senate. Senate Executive Journal, 65th Cong., 2nd sess. p. 850 – via HathiTrust.
  54. ↑ "Riggs Takes Oath of Office in Ketchikan". Alaska Daily Empire. Ketchikan, Alaska. April 26, 1918. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
  55. 1 2 Congressional Record, vol. 61, part 2. p. 1979 – via HathiTrust.
  56. ↑ McMullin 1984, pp. 17–18.
  57. ↑ Written at Washington, D.C.. "Scott C. Bone Now Governor of Northland". Alaska Daily Empire. Juneau, Alaska. June 13, 1921. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2026 – via Newspapers.com.
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  71. ↑ Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. University of Washington Press. 1997. p. 319. ISBN 0-295-97558-X.
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  93. 1 2 3 4 Alaska Const., art. III, § 4.
  94. ↑ Alaska Const., art. III, § 8.
  95. 1 2 3 Alaska Const., art. III, § 5.
  96. ↑ Alaska Const., art. III, § 11.
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