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Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. The following list provides numerous examples of this architectural style worldwide.
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Brutalism in France emerged during post-World War II reconstruction. Facing an acute shortage of decent housing and severe material shortages after the war, France needed to rebuild a huge stock of destroyed infrastructure and housing. Le Corbusier’s completion of the Cité Radieuse in Marseille in 1952 démonstrated that concrete could be used to create functional "cities within a city." Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the French government adopted the Brutalist approach for many of its state-sponsored projects, including social housing complexes (the grands ensembles), university facilities, administrative offices and other public buildings. However, by the late 1970s, the Brutalist movement began to lose momentum, due in part to its buildings’ rapid, physical deterioration and tendency to create ghettos. Despite this, several major Brutalist projects have received one of the two protected statuses given by the French Ministry of Culture.
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Many of the notable surviving brutalist buildings in England are listed on the National Heritage List for England. Inclusion on the list is based on a building's "special architectural and historic interest", with "particularly careful selection required" for buildings constructed after 1945 (i.e. all brutalist structures). There are three grades of listed building: grade I for buildings "of exceptional interest", grade II* for "particularly important buildings of more than special interest" and grade II for buildings "of special interest". Buildings may also be locally listed by planning authorities as non-designated heritage assets. Buildings may also be granted a certificate of immunity from listing for a period of five years, allowing a building to be developed or demolished in the knowledge that it will not be subject to listing in that period. A certificate of immunity was issued for the Robin Hood Gardens Estate in 2009 and then again in 2015, prior to its demolition in 2017, after Historic England determined that it "[did] not meet the very high threshold for listing". Listing has not always prevented the demolition of buildings, such as Imperial College London's Southside Halls of Residence that was demolished in 2005 after the university presented structural engineers' reports – disputed by reports from other structural engineers – that the building was failing and could not be repaired.
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As in England, many surviving brutalist buildings are listed by Historic Environment Scotland. Scotland uses a different listing system from England and Wales, with three categories for "buildings of special architectural or historic interest": A for "outstanding examples of a particular period, style or building type", B for "major examples" and C for "representative examples".
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And, between 1961 and 1980, the city obtained one of its most important university campuses, the Middle East Technical University, one of Turkey's key works of Brutalist architecture - the modernist style that uses exposed concrete or brick - designed by Behruz and Altuğ Çinici.
