Separatism

Separatism by continent

• List of active separatist movements in Africa
• List of active separatist movements in Asia
• List of active separatist movements in Europe
• List of active separatist movements in North America
• List of active separatist movements in Oceania
• List of active separatist movements in South America

Gender separatism

The relationship between gender and separatism is complex. Feminist separatism is women's choosing to separate from ostensibly male-defined, male-dominated institutions, relationships, roles and activities. Lesbian separatism advocates lesbianism as the logical result of feminism. Some separatist feminists and lesbian separatists have chosen to live apart in intentional community, cooperatives, and on land trusts. Queer nationalism (or "Gay separatism") seeks a community distinct and separate from other social groups. On the other hand, the MGTOW movement is sometimes considered a male-gender separatism, as at the center of this ideology is the notion of male separatism where men should not be a part of a feminist-biased society. Some fringe elements even propose a utopian no-women state.

Geographical and socioeconomic separatism

Some examples include:

• Alberta separatism
• Berber separatism in North Africa
• Bougainville independence movement
• Cape Independence
• Casamance independence movement
• Cascadian separatists
• Catalan independence movement
• Provisional Revolutionary Government of Cibao
• Euskadi (Basque Country) independence movement
• Hong Kong independence movement
• New England New State Movement
• Malaysian Sabah and Sarawak separatists
• West Papuan independence
• Free South movement
• Quebec sovereignty movement
• Scottish independence movement
• Taiwanese independence movement

Racial separatism

The examples and perspectives in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Some separatist groups seek to separate from others along racial lines. They oppose interracial marriage and integration with other races and seek separate schools, businesses, churches and other institutions, and often separate societies, territories, countries, and governments:

• Black separatism (also known as black nationalism) is the most prominent wave advancing the concepts of "Black racial identity" in the United States and has been advanced by black leaders like Marcus Garvey and organizations such as the Nation of Islam. Critical race theorists like New York University's Derrick Bell and University of Colorado's Richard Delgado argue that US legal, education, and political systems are rife with blatant racism. They support efforts like "all-black" schools and dorms and question the efficacy and merit of government-enforced integration. In 2008 statements by Barack Obama's former pastor Jeremiah Wright, Jr., revived the issue of the current relevance of black separatism.
• Latin American concepts of racial identity such as the bronze race and La Raza Cósmica are found in the small separatist Raza Unida Party. The Chicano Movement (or Chicano nation) in the United States sought to recreate Aztlán, the mythical homeland of the Aztecs comprising the Southwestern United States.
• White separatism in the United States and Western Europe seeks separation of the white race and limits to nonwhite immigration under the argument that these policies are necessary for the white race's survival.

Religious separatism

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Religious separatist groups and sects want to withdraw from some larger religious groups and/or believe they should interact primarily with coreligionists:^{[citation needed]}

• English Christians in the 16th and 17th centuries who wished to separate from the Church of England and form independent local churches were influential politically under Oliver Cromwell, who was himself a separatist. They were eventually called Congregationalists. The Pilgrims who established the first successful colony in New England were separatists.
• Christian separatist groups in Indonesia, India and South Carolina (United States)
• Zionism sought the creation of the State of Israel as a Jewish homeland. Simon Dubnow, who had mixed feelings toward Zionism, formulated Jewish Autonomism, which was adopted in eastern Europe by Jewish political parties such as the Bund and his own Folkspartei before World War II. Zionism also has an ethnocultural component, as Judaism is an ethnoreligion, so its definition of who is Jewish includes people of Jewish background who do not practice the Jewish religion. In fact, many Zionists are not religious, and Zionism is not always a religious ideology.

• The partition of India arose as a result of separatism on the part of Muslims.
• The demand for an independent Sikh homeland called Khalistan emerged during the 1970s and 1980s amid political tensions in Punjab, India, particularly surrounding the Anandpur Sahib Resolution, which primarily sought greater autonomy for Punjab and the protection of Sikh identity within the India. Escalation occurred when armed militants led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale occupied the Golden Temple complex. In June 1984, the government of India launched Operation Blue Star to remove the militants from the site. The military action resulted in casualties, including civilians, and caused deep anguish among many Sikhs globally. Later that year, the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards led to the tragic 1984 anti-Sikh riots, in which thousands of Sikhs were killed. While these events led to a rise in support for the Khalistan movement in some sections of the Sikh diaspora, the movement steadily declined in India by the 1990s. Today, Sikhs in India are equal citizens under the constitution, and actively contribute to the country's political, military, economic, and cultural life. The idea of Khalistan holds little to no support among Indian Sikhs, and is generally viewed as a fringe movement, largely sustained by diaspora activism abroad. Attempts to revive it within India have consistently failed to gain traction.
• Muslim separatist groups in the Philippines (Mindanao and other regions: Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Abu Sayyaf), in Thailand (see also South Thailand insurgency), in India (see also Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir), in the People's Republic of China (Xinjiang: East Turkestan Islamic Movement), Tanzania (Zanzibarian separatist movements), in the Central African Republic (Regions that are inhabited by Muslims: Séléka), in Russia (in the Northern Caucasus, especially in Chechnya: Caucasus Emirate), in Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina: Alija Izetbegovic espoused an Islamic inspired separatism)

Lists

• Lists of separatist movements
  • Lists of active separatist movements
    • List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations
  • List of historical separatist movements
• List of states with limited recognition
• Lists of ethnic groups
  • List of indigenous peoples

General