Marine-derived compound

Marine-derived compounds, or natural compounds of marine origin, or marine-derived products (in the context of chemical compounds produced by marine organisms) and/or marine natural products (MNPs) are organic compounds that have been isolated from the marine environment (for example, from living organisms), which can be alkaloids (marine alkaloids), complex organic cpmpounds (such as peptides, proteins, and complex carbohydrates); certainly, just like organisms that live on land, these compounds often perform the function of chemical defense.

Occurrence

Marine alkaloids

Marine alkaloids it is naturally occurring organic nitrogen-containing compounds isolated from marine organisms: sponges, algae, mollusks, ascidians and others, as well as their associated bacteria and fungi. In the vast majority of cases, marine alkaloids in animals are produced by symbiotic microorganisms.

Tetrodotoxin

Tetrodotoxin

Tetrodotoxin is an extremely potent neurotoxin found in marine animals.

The literature describes data on at least 150 strains of tetrodotoxin(TTX)-producing bacteria. Representatives of the genus Vibrio, found in many TTX-bearing animals, account for more than 30% of all TTX-producing strains. Most studies point to a link between tetrodotoxin production and the presence of Vibrio alginolyticus in the microflora of marine animals.

Representatives of the bacterial genus Bacillus account for approximately 15% of the isolated tetrodotoxin-producing strains; Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Alteromonas, Streptomyces, and Roseobacter strains make up to 7% of tetrodotoxin-producing bacteria, while other bacterial genera are represented by only a single strain each.

Fish of the family Tetraodontidae accumulate tetrodotoxin, encompassing dozens of species (for example, species of the genus Takifugu). In these fish, the toxin is concentrated in their kidneys, ovaries and gallbladder, liver, and skin, with the Takifugu rubripes (fugu) being the most famous example.

Others

5-Bromo-DMT is a psychedelic drug found in some sea sponges.

References

  1. ↑ Munekata, Paulo E. S.; Pateiro, Mirian; Conte-Junior, Carlos A.; Domínguez, Rubén; Nawaz, Asad; Walayat, Noman; Movilla Fierro, Elena; Lorenzo, José M. (2021-06-28). "Marine Alkaloids: Compounds with In Vivo Activity and Chemical Synthesis". Marine Drugs. 19 (7): 374. doi:10.3390/md19070374. ISSN 1660-3397. PMC 8306672. PMID 34203532.
  2. ↑ Lago, Jorge; Rodríguez, Laura; Blanco, Lucía; Vieites, Juan; Cabado, Ana (2015-10-19). "Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses". Marine Drugs. 13 (10): 6384–6406. Bibcode:2015MarDr..13.6384L. doi:10.3390/md13106384. ISSN 1660-3397. PMC 4626696. PMID 26492253.
  3. ↑ Narita, Hiroko; Matsubara, Sorokuro; Miwa, Norinaga; Akahane, Sousuke; Murakami, Masahiro; Goto, Tadao; Nara, Masato; Noguchi, Tamao; Saito, Toshio; Shida, Yasuo; Hashimoto, Kanehisa (1987). "Vibrio alginolyticus, a TTX-producing bacterium isolated form the starfish Astropecten polyacanthus". Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 53 (4): 617–621. Bibcode:1987NipSG..53..617N. doi:10.2331/suisan.53.617. ISSN 1349-998X.
  4. ↑ Noguchi, T.; Hwang, D. F.; Arakawa, O.; Sugita, H.; Deguchi, Y.; Shida, Y.; Hashimoto, K. (1987). "Vibrio alginolyticus, a tetrodotoxin-producing bacterium, in the intestines of the fish Fugu vermicularis vermicularis". Marine Biology. 94 (4): 625–630. Bibcode:1987MarBi..94..625N. doi:10.1007/bf00431409. ISSN 0025-3162.
  5. ↑ THUESEN, ERIK V.; KOGURE, KAZUHIRO (1989). "Bacterial Production of Tetrodotoxin in Four Species of Chaetognatha". The Biological Bulletin. 176 (2): 191–194. doi:10.2307/1541587. ISSN 0006-3185. JSTOR 1541587.
  6. ↑ Magarlamov, Timur Yu; Melnikova, Daria I.; Chernyshev, Alexey V. (2017-05-17). "Tetrodotoxin-Producing Bacteria: Detection, Distribution and Migration of the Toxin in Aquatic Systems". Toxins. 9 (5): 166. Bibcode:2017Toxin...9..166M. doi:10.3390/toxins9050166. ISSN 2072-6651. PMC 5450714. PMID 28513564.
  7. ↑ Zhang, Xiaojun; Zong, Jingjing; Chen, Si; Li, Menglong; Lu, Yibo; Wang, Ruirui; Xu, Hanxiang (2020). "Accumulation and Elimination of Tetrodotoxin in the Pufferfish Takifugu obscurus by Dietary Administration of the Wild Toxic Gastropod Nassarius semiplicata". Toxins. 12 (5): 278. doi:10.3390/toxins12050278. ISSN 2072-6651. PMC 7290894. PMID 32344936.
  8. ↑ Melnikova, Daria I.; Magarlamov, Timur Yu (2022-08-22). "An Overview of the Anatomical Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Animals". Toxins. 14 (8): 576. doi:10.3390/toxins14080576. ISSN 2072-6651. PMC 9412668. PMID 36006238.
  9. ↑ Morris H, Wallach J (26 March 2013). "Sea DMT: God Molecule or Barnacle Repellent?". Vice. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2015.