Modal share

United Kingdom transport modal share from 1952 to 2014, Department for Transport

A modal share (also called mode split, mode-share, or modal split) is the percentage of travelers using a particular type of transportation or number of trips using said type. In freight transportation, this may be measured in mass.

Modal share is an important component in developing sustainable transport within a city or region. In recent years, many cities have set modal share targets for balanced and sustainable transport modes, particularly 30% of non-motorized (cycling and walking) and 30% of public transport. These goals reflect a desire for a modal shift, or a change between modes, and usually encompasses an increase in the proportion of trips made using sustainable modes.

Comparability of data

Modal share data is usually obtained by travel surveys, which are often conducted by local governments, using different methodologies. Sampling and interviewing techniques, definitions, the extent of geographical areas and other methodological differences can influence comparability. Most typical surveys refer to the main mode of transport used during trips to work. Surveys covering entire metropolitan areas are preferred over city proper surveys which typically cover only the denser inner city. As of 26 August 2025 the reference years in these lists span over two decades, making comparisons problematic, especially given changing population, new transportation infrastructure and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, among other factors.

The following tables present the modal split of journeys to work. It is better to use a measure of all trips on a typical weekday, but journey to work data is more readily available. It would also be beneficial to disaggregate private motor vehicles figures to car driver, car passengers and motorbikes (especially relevant for Asian cities).

Metropolitan areas with over 1,000,000 inhabitants

This article contains dynamic lists that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.
Metro areaWalkingCyclingPublic transportPrivate motor vehicleYear Survey area Country
Australia Adelaide3%1%11%85%2016 GCCSA Australia
United States Atlanta 1% 0% 3% 86% 2016 UA USA
Greece Athens8%2%37%53%2006 Greece
New Zealand Auckland5%1%12%81%2018 MUA New Zealand
United States Austin 2% 1% 3% 83% 2019 USA
United States Baltimore 3% 0% 7% 84% 2016 UA USA
Indonesia Bandung 5% 1% 11% 82%* 2017 UA *74% motorbike Indonesia
Indonesia Banjarmasin 2% 3% 93% 2023 UA Indonesia
Spain Barcelona34.35%2.28%37.33%26.04%2018 Spain
China Beijing21%32%26%21%2005/2011 China
Serbia Belgrade23%1%49%27%2015 Serbia
Germany Berlin34%18%26%22%2023 Germany
Australia Brisbane4%1%14%81%2016 GCCSA Australia
Belgium Brussels36%9%24%29%2022 Belgium
Colombia Bogotá24%7%43%15%2019 Colombia
United States Boston5%1%14%73%2016 UA USA
Romania Bucharest31%2%27%36%2015 Other (taxi): 4% Romania
Hungary Budapest32%1%47%20%2011 Hungary
Canada Calgary 4% 1% 8% 84% 2021 CMA Canada
United States Chicago7.1%1.8%20.5%51%2024 USA
Germany Cologne25%19%21%35%2017 Germany
United States Dallas1%0%2%90%2016 UA USA
South Korea Daejeon26%2%28%44%2012 South Korea
India Delhi21%12%48%19%2008/2011 India
Indonesia Denpasar 0% 1% 99% 2023 UA Indonesia
United States Detroit 1% 0% 2% 92% 2016 USA
United States Denver 2% 1% 4% 81% 2020 UA USA
Bangladesh Dhaka 19% 39% 29% 13% 2009 Bangladesh
Republic of Ireland Dublin 18% 7% 15% 59% 2020 Ireland
Canada Edmonton 3% 1% 6% 87% 2021 CMA Canada
China Guangzhou35%19%22%23%2021 China
Germany Hamburg22%22%24%32%2022 Germany
Finland Helsinki10.99%9.34%32.42%46%2016 MA, Other: 0.5% Finland
Hong Kong Hong Kong11%0.5%77%12%2011 China
United States Houston1%0%2%91%2016 UA USA
United States Indianapolis1%0%1%91%2016 UA USA
Indonesia Jakarta1%0.2%20%78%*2019 UA *67% motorbike Indonesia
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur0.5%0.5%21%78%2018 Malaysia
United States Las Vegas1%0%4%90%2016 UA USA
United Kingdom London26%2.5%44.5%27%2020 UK
United States Los Angeles3%1%5%85%2016 UA USA
Spain Madrid34%0.5%25%40%2018 Spain
Indonesia Makassar 1% 3% 95% 2023 UA Indonesia
Philippines Manila9%2%44%45%2019 Philippines
Australia Melbourne4%2%19%76%2016 GCCSA Australia
Indonesia Medan 0% 1% 20% 78%* 2019 UA *70% motorbike Indonesia
Mexico Mexico City 1% 1% 71% 22% 2019 Mexico
United States Miami 2% 1% 4% 87% 2016 UA USA
Italy Milan18%10%41%29%2014 Italy
Belarus Minsk13%1%63%20%2016 Belarus
Canada Montreal5%2%22%70%2016 CMA Canada
India Mumbai27%6%52%15%2008/2011 India
Germany Munich33%21%22%24%2023 Germany
Japan Nagoya15%13%30%43%2011 Japan
United States New York City30.7%1.1%32.1%30.2%2019 UA USA
Japan Osaka7%19%61%13%2010 Japan
Canada Ottawa 8% 2% 18% 72% 2016 CMA Canada
Indonesia Palembang 2% 13% 83% 2023 UA Indonesia
France Paris40%2%22%34%2020 Parisiens France
Australia Perth3%1%12%84%2016 GCCSA Australia
United States Philadelphia4%1%10%80%2016 UA USA
United States Phoenix2%1%2%87%2016 UA USA
United States Portland3%3%7%78%2016 UA USA
Czech Republic Prague35%1%37%25%2021 Czech Republic
Brazil Rio de Janeiro29%3%43%25%2012 UA Brazil
Italy Rome4%1%29%66%2014 Italy
United States San Antonio2%0%3%90%2016 UA USA
United States San Diego3%1%3%85%2016 UA USA
United States San Francisco5%2%20%64%2016 UA USA
United States San Jose2%2%5%84%2016 UA USA
Chile Santiago34.5%4%29.6%25.7%2012 UA Chile
Brazil São Paulo32%1%36%31%2017 UA Brazil
United States Seattle4%1%10%77%2016 UA USA
South Korea Seoul N/A 4% 66% 23% 2014 South Korea
China Shanghai27%20%33%20%2009/2011 China
Singapore Singapore22%1%44%33%2011 Singapore
Bulgaria Sofia N/A N/A 73% 27% 2010 Bulgaria
Sweden Stockholm14%7%47%32%2011 Sweden
Indonesia Surabaya 0% 2% 3% 91%* 2017 UA *83% motorbike Indonesia
Australia Sydney5%1%27%65%2020 Deloitte Australia
Taiwan Taipei13%4%43%40%2016 Taiwan
Israel Tel Aviv8.2%4.3%17.7%62.5%2022 Israel
Japan Tokyo23%14%51%12%2008/2009 Japan
Canada Toronto5%1%16%76%2021 CMA Canada
Canada Vancouver6%2%15%75%2021 CMA Canada
Austria Vienna30%11%34%25%2024 Austria
Poland Warsaw18%3%47%32%2015 Poland
United States Washington, D.C.3%1%6%56%2022 UA USA

Metropolitan areas with over 250,000 inhabitants

Metro areawalkingcyclingpublic transportprivate motor vehicleyear
Denmark Aarhus7%27%19%43%2004
Spain Alicante18%0%13%69%2004
Netherlands Amsterdam5%30%19%42%2020
Italy Bari13%1%14%72%2001
Switzerland Basel33%17%27%22%2015
Switzerland Bern30%15%32%22%2015
Spain Bilbao68.1%0.9%19.6%11.1%2021
United Kingdom Birmingham1%1%25%66%2001
Italy Bologna8%4%21%67%2001
Germany Bonn28%15%17%41%2017
Slovakia Bratislava26.7%1.6%32.6%37.7%2014
Czech Republic Brno5%2%57%32%2012
United States Buffalo6%1%14%79%2012
Germany Bremen25%25%15%36%2018
United Kingdom Bristol19%8%12%55%2011
Australia Canberra5%3%8%85%2016
New Zealand Christchurch4%6%5%84%2018
Denmark Copenhagen30%26%18%26%2021
Spain Córdoba18%1%10%71%2004
Germany Dortmund19%10%22%49%2019
Germany Dresden26%18%20%36%2018
Republic of Ireland Dublin13.2%7.6%21.5%48.5%2016
Germany Düsseldorf34%13%18%35%2017
United Kingdom Edinburgh19%7%30%42%2009–2010
Netherlands Eindhoven3%24%8%65%2004
Germany Essen19%7%19%55%2019
Italy Florence8%4%21%69%2001
Germany Frankfurt11%15%30%44%2015
Germany Freiburg im Breisgau29%34%16%21%2017
Belgium Gent15.6%33.8%11.2%39%2021
Poland Gdańsk20.8%5.9%32.1%41.2%2016
Spain Gijón24%0%17%59%2004
Sweden Gothenburg12%14%21%52%2004
Austria Graz19%19%20%42%2018
Netherlands The Hague5%22%30%43%2004
Canada Halifax8%1%12%78%2016
Canada Hamilton4%1%10%84%2016
Germany Hanover26%19%19%36%2017
Poland Kraków28.4%1.2%36.3%33.7%2013
Spain Las Palmas15%0.42%13%68%2011
Portugal Lisbon15.6%2.5%30.8%50.2%2020
Spain Málaga12%0%11%77%2004
Sweden Malmö14%26%25%34%2018
Spain Murcia18%1%7%74%2004
Italy Naples13%0%26%60%2001
Germany Nuremberg30%15%23%32%2023
Norway Oslo32%6%31%29%2022
Italy Palermo12%1%9%78%2001
Spain Pamplona42%2%13%41%2013
Poland Poznań20.6%8.4%33.7%37.3%2019
Canada Quebec City2%6%11%80%2016
Netherlands Rotterdam5%14%25%56%2004
Spain Seville13%7%18%62%2014
Germany Stuttgart29%8%23%40%2017
Estonia Tallinn14%2%34%49%2020
Finland Tampere10%10%14%66%2021
Italy Turin12%3%5%79%2004
Netherlands Utrecht25.3%48.4%5.4%18.7%2018
Spain Valencia16%1%21%62%2004
Spain Valladolid22%1%20%57%2004
Spain Vigo19%0%13%68%2004
Lithuania Vilnius36%0%26%38%2011
Spain Vitoria-Gasteiz45.6%8.0%9.5%35.5%2021
New Zealand Wellington21%4%23%49%2018
Canada Victoria (CMA) 10% 7% 11% 70% 2016
Canada Winnipeg5%2%14%79%2016
Poland Wrocław24.2%6.3%27.6%41.4%2018
Spain Zaragoza45.91%2.90%23.71%26.88%2017
Switzerland Zürich33%12%32%21%2015
Mean ± SD13±8%8±9%24±13%55±17%

Notes: European data is based on the Urban Audit

The Charter of Brussels, signed by 36 cities including Brussels, Ghent, Milan, Munich, Seville, Edinburgh, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Gdansk, and Timișoara, commits the signatories to achieve at least 15% of bicycling modal share by 2020, and calls upon European institutions to do likewise. The cycling modal share is strongly associated with the size of local cycling infrastructure.

The Canadian city of Hamilton adopted a similar modal share target plan in 2005.

The modal share differs considerably depending on each city in the developing world.

According to UNECE, the global on-road vehicle fleet is to double by 2050 (from 1,2 billion to 2,5 billion, see introduction), with most future car purchases taking place in developing countries. Some experts even mention that the number of vehicles in developing countries will increase by 4 or 5-fold by 2050 (compared to current car use levels), and that the majority of these will be second-hand.

Legislation impacting the modal share

Legislation can discourage car ownership through, for example, taxation and conditions on new car purchases). This could help in achieving a modal shift.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Result achieved using the percentage of commuters using PT (63%) plus Taxi (3%) and additionally marshrutkas (7%).

References

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