Nepalese scripts

Nepalese scripts
Script type
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
RegionNepal and India
LanguagesNepal Bhasa
Related scripts
Parent systems
Child systems
Ranjana, Bhujimol, Newar
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Nepalese scripts (Nepal Lipi: 𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑐮 𑐁𑐏𑐮, Devanagari: नेपाल आखल) are a family of alphabetic writing systems employed historically in Nepal Mandala by the indigenous Newar people for primarily writing Nepal Bhasa. It is also used for transcribing Sanskrit.

These scripts were in widespread use from the 10th to the early 20th-century, but have since been largely supplanted by the modern script known as Devanagari. Of the older scripts, about 50,000 manuscripts written in Newar script have been archived.

History

An 1136 CE manuscript written in the Bhujimol script.
A 1408 CE palm-leaf manuscript of astrology in Classical Newar, written in Bhujimol script (top) and Newar script (bottom).
The coin legend "Śrī Śrī Jaya Bhūpatīndra Malla Deva 816" (1696 CE), inscribed in Newar script.
A Newar language inscription from Makhan Tole, Newar script, 1717 CE.
Prayer wheels with the mantra in Ranjana script at Swayambhu, Kathmandu.

Pre development

Prior to development of Nepalese scripts, people in the Nepal Mandala used the following scripts which are shared within the South Asian region.

The Newari script is an evolution of the old Eastern script, which also led to the Bengali–Assamese, Maithili and Oriya scripts.

Early usage and development

The 'Nepal Script' or 'Nepalese script' appeared in the 10th century. The earliest instance is a manuscript entitled Lankavatara Sutra dated Nepal Era 28 (908 CE), written in the Newar script. Another early specimen is a palm-leaf manuscript of a Buddhist text the Prajnaparamita, dated Nepal Era 40 (920 CE). One of the oldest manuscript of Ramayana, preserved till date, was written in the Newar script in 1019.

The script has been used on stone and copper plate inscriptions, coins (Nepalese mohar), palm-leaf documents and Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts. Among the famed historical texts written in Nepalese scripts are Gopal Raj Vamshavali, a history of Nepal written in 1389 using the Bhujimol script; the Nepal-Tibet Treaty of 1775, written in the Newar script; and a letter dated Nepal Era 535 (1415 CE) sent by Chinese Emperor Tai Ming to Shakti-simha-rama, a feudatory of Banepa, written in the Ranjana script.

Besides the Kathmandu Valley and the Himalayan region in Nepal, the Ranjana script is used for sacred purposes in Tibet, China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh. The Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, Tibet is ornamented with mantras embossed in Ranjana script, and the panels under the eaves are numbered using Newar script.

Decline

In 1906, the Rana regime banned Nepal Bhasa, Nepal Era and Nepalese scripts from official use as part of its policy to subdue them, and the script fell into decline. Authors were also encouraged to switch to Devanagari to write Nepal Bhasa because of the availability of moveable type for printing, and Newar script was pushed further into the background. However, the script continued to be used for religious and ceremonial purposes till the 1950s.

Revival

After the Rana dynasty was overthrown and democracy established in 1951, restrictions on Nepal Bhasa were lifted. Attempts were made to study and revive the old scripts, and alphabet books were published. Hemraj Shakyavamsha published an alphabet book of 15 types of Nepalese alphabets including Ranjana, Bhujimol and Pachumol.

In 1952, a pressman Pushpa Ratna Sagar of Kathmandu had moveable type of Newar script made in India. The metal type was used to print the dateline and the titles of the articles in Thaunkanhe monthly. In 1989, the first book to be printed using a computer typeface of Newar script, Prasiddha Bajracharyapinigu Sanchhipta Bibaran ("Profiles of Renowned Bajracharyas") by Badri Ratna Bajracharya, was published.

Types

The scripts known to have been used by the Newar people and dynasties of pre-Gorkha Nepal (i.e., Nepala Mandala) are as follows:

Among the different scripts based on Nepalese scripts, Ranjana (meaning "delightful"), Bhujinmol ("fly-headed") and Newar also known as 'Prachalit' ("prevalent") are the most common. Ranjana is the most ornate among the scripts. It is most commonly used to write Buddhist texts and inscribe mantras on prayer wheels, shrines, temples, and monasteries. The popular Buddhist mantra Om mani padme hum (meaning ("Hail to the jewel in the lotus" in Sanskrit) is often written in Ranjana.

Description

Consonants

NewarRañjanāDev.Rom.
𑐎कka
𑐏खkha
𑐐गga
𑐑घgha
𑐒ङṅa
𑐴𑑂𑐒ह्ङṅha
𑐔चca
𑐕छcha
𑐖जja
𑐗झjha
𑐘ञña
𑐴𑑂𑐘ञ्हñha
NewarRañjanāDev.Rom.
𑐚टṭa
𑐛ठṭha
𑐜डḍa
𑐝ढḍha
𑐞णṇa
𑐴𑑂𑐞ह्णṇha
𑐟तta
𑐠थtha
𑐡दda
𑐢धdha
𑐣नna
𑐴𑑂𑐣ह्नnha
NewarRañjanāDev.Rom.
𑐥पpa
𑐦फpha
𑐧बba
𑐨भbha
𑐩मma
𑐴𑑂𑐩ह्मmha
𑐫यya
𑐬रra
𑐴𑑂𑐬ह्रrha
𑐮लla
𑐴𑑂𑐮ह्लlha
𑐰वva
NewarRañjanāDev.Rom.
𑐱शśa
𑐲षṣa
𑐳सsa
𑐴हha
𑐎𑑂𑐲क्षkṣa
𑐟𑑂𑐬त्रtra
𑐖𑑂𑐘ज्ञjña

The compound letters kṣa, tra and jña are often regarded as separate letters that are taught together with the other letters. Since the Newari language lacks retroflex consonants, the letters ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa and ṣa are used only in loanwords. The same applies to the letter śa. Newari, on the other hand, has a number of sonorant consonants that are pronounced with creaky voice (ṅha, ñha, ṇha, nha, mha, rha and lha). They are written in compound letters consisting of "ha" combined with the letter for the corresponding modal sonorant.

Contextual forms

Letters with alternative forms (bha and ha) and letters that form ligatures together with the vowel u (ja and ra ). Also note that "u" changes shape when combined with "bha".

Some letters have alternative forms that are used when combined with certain vowel diacritics or included in a consonant cluster.

  • Letter bha and ha changes appearance when combined with any of the vowel diacritics u, ū, ṛ, ṝ, ḷ and ḹ.
  • Letter ja and ra forms ligatures together with the vowels u and ū.
  • Vowels u changes appearance when combined with the letters ga, ta, bha and śa.

Compound letters

Example of how the letters ka and ya are written together to form the letter kya. When ka is in the initial position and is followed by a letter with two bars, extend ka to the right so that it overlaps the following letter

Consonant clusters are written by writing several consonant letters together in complex ligatures. How they are written depends on the shape of the letters and some letters have alternative shapes that are used depending on their position in the cluster.

Vowels

NewarRañjanāDev.Rom.
𑐀अa
𑐁आā
𑐂इi
𑐃ईī
𑐄उu
𑐅ऊū
NewarRañjanāDev.Rom.
𑐆ऋṛ
𑐇ॠṝ
𑐊एe
𑐋ऐai
𑐌ओo
𑐍औau
NewarRañjanāDev.Rom.
𑐀𑐫𑑂अय्ay
𑐁𑐫𑑂आय्āy
𑐊𑐫𑑂एय्ey

The vowel ṛ which in Sanskrit stands for syllable forming [ṛ] is used in Newar script to write the syllable ri.

In Newari, the vowels a and ā are pronounced with different vowel qualities. In order to write their long equivalents, some diacritics have been given partially different properties than what is otherwise usual in Brahmic scripts.

LetterNameTranscriptionDescription
NewarRañjanāSanskritNewariDev.Rom.
𑐀𑑅visargalyuphutiअःaḥ Usually used to indicate that a vowel is followed by an h-sound. In Newari it is used instead of marking a long vowel.
𑐀𑑃candrabindumilaphutiअँam̐ Marks a nasal vowel.
𑐀𑑄anusvārasinhaphutiअंaṃ In other words, it can be seen as a combination of visarga and chandrabindu.

Vowel diacritics

Newar

Some of the vowel diacritics have different appearances depending on whether the consonant has a top line or not. There are seven consonants without top lines: ga, ña, ṭha, ṇa, tha, dha and śa.

aaḥāāḥiīuūṛṝeaioauam̐aṃ
क
ka		 𑐎𑐎𑑅𑐎𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐎𑐶𑐎𑐷𑐎𑐸𑐎𑐹𑐎𑐺𑐎𑐻𑐎𑐾𑐎𑐿𑐎𑑀𑐎𑑁𑐎𑑃𑐎𑑄
ग
ga		 𑐐𑐐𑑅𑐐𑐵𑐐𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐶𑐐𑐷𑐐𑐸𑐐𑐹𑐐𑐺𑐐𑐻𑐐𑐾𑐐𑐿𑐐𑑀𑐐𑑁𑐐𑑃𑐐𑑄
Rañjanā

The vowel diacritics can have up to three different appearances depending on which consonant they are combined with. The rules for ka are also used for ja, kṣa and jña. The rules for ga also apply to kha, ña, ṭha, ṇa, tha, dha and sha. The rules for ba are used for other letters.

Letter numerals

Nepalese letter-numerals and figure-numerals, based on manuscripts from different times.

Nepalese manuscripts used a system of letters to stand for numbers, although the exact correspondence between letter and number value changed over time. In 1883, Cecil Bendall published a table of Nepalese letter numerals based on different dated Nepalese manuscripts from Cambridge University Library.

Current use

Newar script is available in Unicode as Newa script. It is the official script used to write Nepal Bhasa. Ranjana script has been proposed for encoding in Unicode.

The letter heads of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Lalitpur Metropolitan City, Bhaktapur Municipality, Madhyapur Thimi Municipality ascribes its names in Ranjana Script.

In India, the official script for Newar language is Newar script.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ It is also referred as Purva-Licchavi script.
  2. ↑ It is also named Uttar-Licchavi script or Kuṭila (the regional variants of the Siddham script). The Kuṭila script – see Category:Kutila script.

References

  1. ↑ Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 143.
  2. 1 2 Neog, Maheswar (1963). "The Assamese & Bengali script". Assam Information. 14 (12–16): 19.
  3. ↑ Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: The History of Nepalbhasa Literature. Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. ISBN 99933-56-00-X. Page 306.
  4. ↑ Nepal-German Manuscript Cataloguing Project
  5. 1 2 Shakyavansha, Hemraj (1993, eighth edition). Nepalese Alphabet. Kathmandu: Mandas Lumanti Prakashan.
  6. 1 2 "Roadmapping the scripts of Nepal" (PDF). 2009-09-28. Retrieved 9 October 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ↑ Rajan, Vinodh. "Commentsonnamingthe"Siddham"encoding" (PDF).
  8. ↑ Pandey, Anshuman. "Proposal to Encode the Siddham Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). The encoding for Siddham is to serve as a unifying block for all regional variants of the script, such as 'Siddhamātṛkā' and 'Kuṭila'. The representative glyphs are based upon Japanese forms of Siddham characters on account of active usage of the script by Japanese Buddhist communities
  9. ↑ Sakya, Hemaraj (2004) Svayambhū Mahācaitya: The self-arisen great Caitya of Nepal. Svayambhu Vikash Mandal. ISBN 99933-864-0-5, ISBN 978-99933-864-0-7. Page 607. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  10. ↑ Pandey 2012, p. 2.
  11. ↑ Shrestha, Rebati Ramanananda (2001). Newah. Lalitpur: Sahityaya Mulukha. Page 86.
  12. ↑ Upadhyay, Baldeva (2017). Sanskrit Vangmaya Ka Brihat Ithas (in Hindi). Uttarpradesh Sanskrit Samsthan. p. 37.
  13. ↑ Institute of Scientific Research on Vedas
  14. ↑ Bendall, Cecil (1883). Catalogue of the Buddhist Sanskrit Manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 301. Retrieved 21 August 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  15. ↑ "Nepalese Inscriptions in the Rubin Collection". Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  16. ↑ Vajracarya, Dhanavajra and Malla, Kamal P. (1985). The Gopala Rājavamsāvalī. Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH.
  17. ↑ Tamot, Kashinath (2009). Sankhadharkrit Nepal Sambat. Nepal Mandala Research Guthi. ISBN 978-9937209441. Pages 68–69.
  18. ↑ Rolamba. April–June 1983. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. ↑ "Ranjana Alphabet". Lipi Thapu Guthi. 1995.
  20. ↑ Tuladhar, Kamal Ratna (second edition 2011). Caravan to Lhasa: A Merchant of Kathmandu in Traditional Tibet. Kathmandu: Lijala and Tisa. ISBN 99946-58-91-3. Page 115.
  21. ↑ Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: The History of Nepalbhasa Literature. Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. ISBN 99933-56-00-X. Page 14.
  22. ↑ Brown, T. Louise (1996). The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal: A Political History. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08576-4, ISBN 978-0-415-08576-2. Page 21.
  23. ↑ Sada, Ivan (March 2006). "Interview: Hem Raj Shakya". ECS Nepal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  24. ↑ "Nepal Lipi Sangraha" (PDF). Gorkhapatra. 20 April 1953. Retrieved 7 May 2012.[permanent dead link] Page 3.
  25. ↑ Tuladhar, Kamal Ratna (22 March 2009). "A man of letters". The Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  26. ↑ Lienhard, Siegfried (1984). Songs of Nepal. Hawaii: Center for Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-8248-0680-8. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  27. ↑ Shrestha, Bal Gopal (January 1999). "The Newars: The Indigenous Population of the Kathmandu Valley in the Modern State of Nepal)" (PDF). CNAS Journal. Retrieved 23 March 2012. Page 87.
  28. ↑ Manandhar, Dev Dass (5 February 2012). "Proposal for Nepālalipi Script in the Universal Character Set for inclusion in the Unicode Standard" (PDF). Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  29. 1 2 3 Pandey, Anshuman (29 February 2012). "Proposal to Encode the Newar Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  30. ↑ Everson, Michael (4 May 2009). "Preliminary proposal for encoding the Rañjana script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  31. ↑ Pandey, Anshuman (2023-01-05). "L2/23-028: Preliminary proposal to encode Ranjana in Unicode" (PDF).
  32. ↑ "कोभिड-१९ विरुद्धको Verocell दोश्रो मात्राको खोप लगाउन आउने बारे सूचना !". Kathmandu Metropolitan City. Retrieved 30 October 2021.An example of a letter head in Kathmandu Metropolitan City
  33. ↑ "प्रेस विज्ञप्ति". Lalitpur Metropolitan City. Retrieved 30 October 2021.An example of a letter head in Lalitpur Metropolitan City
  34. ↑ "आधारभूत तह (कक्षा ८) उत्तीर्ण परीक्षा २०७७ को नतिजा प्रकाशनसम्बन्धी सूचना !". Bhaktapur Municipality. Retrieved 30 October 2021.An example of a letter head in Bhaktapur Municipality
  35. ↑ "Notice for non-governmental social organizations". Madhyapur Thimi Municipality. Retrieved 30 October 2021.An example of a letter head in Madhyapur Thimi Municipality
  36. ↑ "𑐳𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐎𑐶𑐩 𑐴𑐾𑐬𑐮𑑂𑐜" (PDF). Government of Sikkim. Retrieved 1 November 2021.