Operation Mammoth

Operation Mammoth
Part of World War II in Kurdistan

Crew members of Kampfgeschwader 200 who took part in Operation Mammoth
Date15–29 June 1943
Location
Iraqi Kurdistan
Result Operation failure
Belligerents
Nazi Germany Germany
Kurds		 United Kingdom United Kingdom
Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq
Commanders and leaders
Nazi Germany Gottfried Müller (POW)
Kurds Ramzi Nafi Surrendered		 Unknown
Units involved
Abwehr
Kampfgeschwader 200		 MI5
Iraqi Police
Casualties and losses
Supplies for the planned rebellion largely lost None

Operation Mammoth ("Unternehmen Mammut"), was a German special forces mission in 1943 by the Wehrmacht, during World War II, for a team of two German Army officers, led by Gottfried Müller and accompanied by a Kurdish activist Ramzi Nafi Agha, to start a rebellion of the Iraqi Kurds in an attempt to expel the British from the region, gain control of the oil fields, and in some way deliver them to the Wehrmacht because Operation Barbarossa was not progressing as it was expected in reaching the Caucasus. In return for ejecting the British, the Kurds would supposedly be assisted in creating an independent Kurdistan.

The mission failed. Ramzi and the German operatives were taken prisoners by British and Iraqi forces, tortured and sentenced to death. Müller managed to escape and return to Germany where he later founded Salem International. Ramzi had his sentence reduced to life, however he became mentally disturbed in prison and consequently was released in 1947. He died two years later in 1949 in his hometown Erbil in Iraqi Kurdistan.

Timeline

Official operation document.

The full timeline from 1942-1943:

Time Event
21 Oct 1942 Initial discussion within the Abwehr about a sabotage mission in Iraqi Kurdistan, led by Gottfried Johannes Müller.
Dec 1942 – Jan 1943 Operation plan developed (initial codename “Said Schahswar”, later “Mammut”); approved by German high command including Wilhelm Keitel.
Feb – Mar 1943 Kurdish and Iraqi candidates evaluated as possible agents; Ramzi Nafi Rashid Agha identified as a potential collaborator.
24 Mar 1943 German authorities arrange Ramzi’s entry into Germany (passport, visa, and travel route prepared).
19 – 28 Apr 1943 Ramzi travels via Sofia and Vienna to Germany; arrives at training facility in Bodental (Slovenia).
May – Jun 1943 Intensive training in sabotage and intelligence operations; Ramzi formally agrees to participate in the mission.
14 Jun 1943 Official departure ceremony in Berlin.
15 – 16 Jun 1943 “Mammut I” unit departs Berlin, travels via Crimea toward Kurdistan.
17 Jun 1943 Parachute drop near Mosul (off target); supplies largely lost; group begins moving toward Erbil and the Turkish border.
18 – 23 Jun 1943 They hide in mountains and caves near Erbil while attempting to contact locals.
24 – 27 Jun 1943 Ramzi moves between Erbil and the hideout gathering intelligence and attempting to secure assistance.
28 Jun 1943 German operatives captured by Iraqi authorities near their hiding area.
29 Jun 1943 Ramzi surrenders in Erbil after arrests of his relatives.

Aftermath

In 1947, all three German parachute agents including Gotfried Müller, were released from the British prisoner-of-war camp in Egypt and transported back to Germany via Port Said. Ramzi became mentally disturbed in prison and was released in 1947. He died two years later in 1949 in his hometown Erbil in Iraqi Kurdistan.

Ramzi Nafi street in Erbil

The Kurdish Neo-Nazi organization Hawpa, is heavily inspired by Ramzi Nafi, it has adopted 1943 as its founding date, the year that coincides with Operation Mammoth. Their flag has a white Kurdish Sun on a black background with a swastika inside it.

Flag of Hawpa

Literature

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Cüppers, Martin (2010-06-23). Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine. Enigma Books. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-936274-18-5.
  2. ↑ Rush, Alan de Lacy; Priestland, Jane (2001). Records of Iraq, 1914-1966: 1941-1945. Archive Editions. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-85207-820-1.
  3. 1 2 "History of the Kurds". Kurdistan Memory Programme.
  4. ↑ Rosbeiani, Pherset Zuber Mohammed (2012-07-03). "Das Unternehmen „Mammut"". Philosophische Fakultät III: 212–214. doi:10.18452/16540.
  5. ↑ "Das Unternehmen „Mammut"". Humboldt University of Berlin: 196.
  6. ↑ ""Türk solu"". Devrimci Proletarya (in Turkish). Retrieved 2026-05-03.
  7. ↑ Rojevakurd (2024-03-01). "Nasyonal-Sosyalîstê Kurd Remzî Nafî". Rojevakurd. Retrieved 2026-05-03.

Sources