Map of the Cocos–Nazca spreading centre. Abbreviations used: GMP Galápagos microplate, GSC Galápagos spreading centre, GT Galápagos transform, IT Inca transform, EFZ Ecuador fracture zone, PFZ Panama fracture zone, MAT Middle America Trench, ER Ecuador Rise, CRR Costa Rica Rise
Lowrie, A.; Aitken, T.; Grim, P.; McRaney, L. (1979), "Fossil spreading center and faults within the Panama Fracture Zone", Marine Geophysical Researches, 4 (2): 153–166, doi:10.1007/BF00286402
Morell, Kristin; Fisher, Donald; Gardner, Thomas (2008). "Inner forearc response to subduction of the Panama Fracture Zone, southern Central America". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 265 (1–2): 82–95. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.039.