Pyrrhoderma noxium

Pyrrhoderma noxium
Fruiting bodies
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Hymenochaetales
Family: Hymenochaetaceae
Genus: Pyrrhoderma
Species:
P. noxium
Binomial name
Pyrrhoderma noxium
(Corner) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai (2018)
Synonyms
  • Fomes noxius Corner, (1932)
  • Phellinidium noxium (Corner) Bondartseva & S. Herrera, (1992)
  • Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.Cunn., (1965)

Pyrrhoderma noxium is a species of polypore fungi identified as plant pathogen. It attacks a wide range of tropical plants causing brown root rot disease. It has been described as "an aggressive and destructive pathogen". The pathogen invades roots with contact between roots of a potential host with the substrate on which the fungus is growing.

Infection

P. noxium attacks the roots and lower trunk of trees, causing roots to rot and resulting in dieback (another term for root rot). It causes brown root rot disease, which afflicts over 200 plant species in tropical and subtropical regions. The pathogen can survive in the soil and on dead plant material for more than a decade, and the primary source of infection to other plants and trees is from contact with infected root material to the healthy plant's root.

Treatment

Fungicides Calixin, Bayleton, and Nustar inhibits growth for P. noxium on agar medium, however was not ultimately found to be effective in eradicating the fungus in infested wood. A mixture of ammonia and urea, as well as just volatile ammonia in itself, was found able to kill P. noxium in infested wood. Strains of Trichoderma applied in mulch around infected P. noxium trees started to grow new roots within 6–8 weeks of application, and the mycelium of P. noxium was eradicated after 8–11 weeks of exposure.

Distribution

P. noxium has been recorded from tropical regions, as well as Japan and Australia, but has not been reported from South America.

List of countries where P. noxium is present

Continent/Country/Region Distribution Reference Notes
Africa
Angola Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Benin Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Burkina Faso Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Cameroon Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Central African Republic Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Côte d'Ivoire Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Gabon Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Ghana Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Kenya Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Nigeria Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Sierra Leone Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Tanzania Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Togo Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Uganda Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Asia
China Present CABI and EPPO (1997)

Wang et al. (2016)
Hong Kong Present Wang et al. (2016)
India Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Assam Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Karnataka Present Zhang and Chee (1989)
- Kerala Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Tamil Nadu Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Tripura Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Uttar Pradesh Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Indonesia Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Java Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Sumatra Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Japan Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Bonin Islands Present Sahashi et al. (2015)
- Ryukyu Islands Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Malaysia Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Peninsular Malaysia Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Sabah Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Sarawak Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Myanmar Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Pakistan Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Philippines Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Singapore Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Sri Lanka Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Taiwan Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Vietnam Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
North America
Costa Rica Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Cuba Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Puerto Rico Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Oceania
American Samoa Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Australia Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- New South Wales Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Queensland Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Federated States of Micronesia Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
- Pohnpei Present Akiba et al. (2015)
Fiji Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Niue Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Northern Mariana Islands Present Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Papua New Guinea Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Samoa Present CABI and EPPO (1997)
Solomon Islands Present Liloqula and Johnson (1987)
Vanuatu Present

Hosts

Host Family References
Acacia confusa (Philippine wattle) Fabaceae
Acacia mangium (black wattle) Fabaceae
Adenanthera pavonina (red-bead tree) Fabaceae Brooks (2002)
Albizia lebbeck (Indian siris) Fabaceae Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Alstonia scholaris (white cheesewood) Apocynaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut) Anacardiaceae Supriadi et al. (2004)
Annona montana Annonaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Annona squamosa (sugar apple) Annonaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Aralia elata (Japanese aralia) Araliaceae Sahashi et al. (2007)
Araucaria cunninghamii (colonial pine) Araucariaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Brooks (2002)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) Araucariaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Ardisia sieboldii Primulaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Artemisia capillaris Asteraceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) Moraceae Brooks (2002)

Hodges and Tenorio (1984)

Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) Moraceae Ann et al. (1999)
Averrhoa carambola (carambola) Oxalidaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Azadirachta excelsa Meliaceae Farid et al. (2005)

Mohd et al. (2009)

Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree) Lecythidaceae Brooks (2002)
Barringtonia samoensis Brooks (2002)
Bauhinia (camel's foot) Fabaceae Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia) Fabaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Bauhinia variegata (mountain ebony) Fabaceae
Bischofia javanica (bishop wood) Euphorbiaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2014)

Bombax ceiba (silk cotton tree) Bombacaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Calocedrus formosana Cupressaceae Tsai et al. (2017)
Calophyllum inophyllum Calophyllaceae
Calophyllum neoebudicum Brooks (2002)
Camellia japonica (camellia) Theaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Camellia sinensis (tea) Theaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) Annonaceae Brooks (2002)
Canarium harveyi Strombidae Brooks (2002)
Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) Fabaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Casuarina (beefwood) Casuarinaceae Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae
Ceiba speciosa Akiba et al. (2015)
Celtis boninensis Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Celtis sinensis (Chinese elm) Ulmaceae Wang et al. (2016)
Cerbera manghas Apocynaceae Brooks (2002)
Chorisia speciosa (floss-silk tree) Bombacaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel) Lauraceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Huang et al. (2015)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Cinnamomum doederleinii Lauraceae Akiba et al. (2015)
Cinnamomum japonicum Lauraceae Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Cinnamomum kanehirai Lauraceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Cinnamomum kotoense Tsai et al. (2017)
Cinnamomum osmophloeum (native cassia bark tree) Lauraceae Tsai et al. (2017)
Cinnamomum pseudopedunculatum Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) Lauraceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Cinnamomum yabunikkei Akiba et al. (2015)
Citrus Rutaceae Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Citrus limon (lemon) Rutaceae Tsai et al. (2017)
Codiaeum variegatum (garden croton) Euphorbiaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Coffea (coffee) Rubiaceae
Coffea arabica (arabica coffee) Rubiaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Cordia alliodora (Ecuador laurel) Boraginaceae Brooks (2002)
Cordia aspera Brooks (2002)
Cordia dichotoma (Indian cherry) Boraginaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Corymbia citriodora (lemon-scented gum) Lithomyrtus Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Crossostylis biflora Brooks (2002)
Cycas taitungensis Cycadaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Delonix regia (flamboyant) Fabaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Hodges and Tenorio (1984)

Huang et al. (2015)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Dimocarpus longan (longan tree) Sapindaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Ann et al. (2002)

Diospyros decandra Ann et al. (1999)
Diospyros kaki (persimmon) Ebenaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Diospyros samoensis Ebenaceae Brooks (2002)
Diospyros vera Ebenaceae Akiba et al. (2015)
Distylium lepidotum Hamamelidaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Distylium racemosum (isu) Hamamelidaceae Akiba et al. (2015)
Duranta erecta (golden dewdrop) Verbenaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Dypsis lutescens (yellow butterfly palm) Arecaceae Huang et al. (2015)
Dysoxylum samoense Meliaceae Brooks (2002)
Ehretia philippinensis Akiba et al. (2015)
Elaeagnus rotundata Sahashi et al. (2015)
Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) Arecaceae Pinruan et al. (2010)
Elaeocarpus serratus Elaeocarpaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Elaeocarpus sylvestris Elaeocarpaceae Sahashi et al. (2007)

Akiba et al. (2015)

Elattostachys falcata Brooks (2002)
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) Rosaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Erythrina Fabaceae Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Erythrina variegata (Indian coral tree) Fabaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum) Myrtaceae Chang and Yang (1998)
Eucalyptus grandis (saligna gum) Myrtaceae Chang and Yang (1998)
Eucalyptus pellita (red mahogany) Myrtaceae Agustini et al. (2014)

Glen et al. (2014)

Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry) Lithomyrtus Akiba et al. (2015)
Euonymus boninensis Sahashi et al. (2015)
Ficus Moraceae Brooks (2002)
Ficus awkeotsang (jelly fig) Moraceae Ann et al. (1999)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Ficus benghalensis (banyan) Moraceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) Moraceae Huang et al. (2015)
Ficus elastica (rubber plant) Moraceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Ficus microcarpa (Indian laurel) Moraceae
Ficus obliqua Brooks (2002)
Ficus pumila (creeping fig) Moraceae Chang and Yang (1998)
Ficus punctata Ann et al. (1999)
Ficus religiosa (sacred fig tree) Moraceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Ficus tinctoria Akiba et al. (2015)

Brooks (2002)

Ficus virgata Moraceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Firmiana simplex Sterculiaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Flueggea flexuosa Euphorbiaceae Brooks (2002)
Fraxinus formosana Oleaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) Clusiaceae
Garcinia subelliptica Clusiaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Gardenia jasminoides (cape jasmine) Rubiaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Glochidion obovatum Euphorbiaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Glochidion ramiflorum Brooks (2002)
Gmelina arborea (candahar) Lamiaceae Brooks (2002)
Grevillea robusta (silky oak) Proteaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Hernandia nymphaeifolia Hernandiaceae Brooks (2002)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) Euphorbiaceae Brooks (2002)

Mohd et al. (2009)

Nandris et al. (1988)

Hibiscus glaber Malvaceae Sahashi et al. (2015)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chinese rose) Malvaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Hibiscus schizopetalus (fringed hibiscus) Malvaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Hibiscus tiliaceus (coast cottonwood) Malvaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Brooks (2002)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Hydrangea chinensis Ann et al. (1999)
Ilex rotunda (kurogane holly) Aquifoliaceae Sahashi et al. (2007)
Inocarpus fagifer Fabaceae Brooks (2002)
Intsia bijuga (Moluccan ironwood) Fabaceae Brooks (2002)
Ipomoea pes-caprae (beach morning glory) Convolvulaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Jatropha integerrima (peregrina) Euphorbiaceae Sahashi et al. (2015)
Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka Cupressaceae Tsai et al. (2017)
Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Khaya senegalensis (dry zone mahogany) Meliaceae Burcham et al. (2015)

Wang et al. (2016)

Kigelia africana (sausage tree) Bignoniaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Koelreuteria elegans (flamegold rain tree) Sapindaceae
Koelreuteria paniculata (golden rain tree) Sapindaceae
Lactuca indica (Indian lettuce) Asteraceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Lagerstroemia speciosa (Pride of India) Lythraceae Ann et al. (1999)
Lagerstroemia subcostata Lythraceae Sahashi et al. (2007)
Lagerstroemia turbinata Chang and Yang (1998)
Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae Supriadi et al. (2004)
Lantana camara (lantana) Verbenaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Leptopetalum grayi Sahashi et al. (2015)
Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) Fabaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Hodges and Tenorio (1984)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Ligustrum japonicum (Japanese privet) Oleaceae Sahashi et al. (2007)
Ligustrum micranthum Oleaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Liquidambar formosana (beautiful sweetgum) Hamamelidaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Litchi chinensis (lichi) Sapindaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Litsea glutinosa (Indian laurel) Lauraceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Litsea hypophaea Ann et al. (1999)
Litsea japonica Lauraceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Macaranga harveyana Brooks (2002)
Macaranga stipulosa Brooks (2002)
Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree) Euphorbiaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Ann et al. (1999)

Maesa tenera Myrsinaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Malpighia emarginata Malpighiaceae Sahashi et al. (2015)
Mangifera indica (mango) Anacardiaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Dann et al. (2011)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Melaleuca bracteata Lithomyrtus Tsai et al. (2017)
Melaleuca leucadendra (long-leaved paperbark) Lithomyrtus Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Melia azedarach (Chinaberry) Meliaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Michelia compressa Magnoliaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Michelia figo Magnoliaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) Rubiaceae Brooks (2002)
Morus australis Moraceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine) Rutaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Nandina domestica (Nandina) Berberidaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Neolitsea sericea Lauraceae Sahashi et al. (2015)

Akiba et al. (2015)

Neonauclea forsteri Rubiaceae Brooks (2002)
Nerium oleander (oleander) Apocynaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Ochrosia nakaiana Apocynaceae Sahashi et al. (2015)
Osmanthus fragrans Oleaceae Tsai et al. (2017)
Osmanthus insularis Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Pachira aquatica (pachira nut) Bombacaceae Sahashi et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Palaquium formosanum Sapotaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Pandanus boninensis Sahashi et al. (2015)
Persea thunbergii Lauraceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Persea zuihoensis Lauraceae Ann et al. (1999)
Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine) Pinaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Pipturus argenteus Urticaceae Brooks (2002)
Pistacia chinensis (Chinese pistachio) Anacardiaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum) Pittosporaceae Akiba et al. (2015)
Planchonella grayana Brooks (2002)
Planchonella obovata Sapotaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Planchonella torricellensis Sapotaceae Brooks (2002)
Podocarpus macrophyllus (long-leaf podocarpus) Podocarpaceae
Pometia pinnata (Fijian longan) Sapindaceae Brooks (2002)
Pongamia pinnata (Indian beech) Fabaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Populus deltoides (poplar) Salicaceae Sujan and Pandey (1989)
Prunus armeniaca (apricot) Rosaceae Tsai et al. (2017)
Prunus campanulata (Taiwan cherry) Rosaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Prunus mume (Japanese apricot tree) Rosaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Ann et al. (1999)

Prunus persica (peach) Rosaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) Lithomyrtus Sahashi et al. (2015)
Psidium guajava (guava) Lithomyrtus Tsai et al. (2017)
Pterocarpus indicus (red sandalwood) Fabaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Pyrus communis (European pear) Rosaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Pyrus pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree) Rosaceae Tsai et al. (2017)

Ann et al. (1999)

Rhaphiolepis indica Rosaceae Sahashi et al. (2015)
Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2010)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Yedda hawthorne) Rosaceae Sahashi et al. (2007)
Roystonea regia (Cuban royal palm) Arecaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Salix babylonica (weeping willow) Salicaceae
Samanea saman (rain tree) Fabaceae Brooks (2002)
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree) Anacardiaceae Tsai et al. (2017)
Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) Bignoniaceae Tsai et al. (2017)
Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple) Anacardiaceae Brooks (2002)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Jamaica vervain) Verbenaceae Sahashi et al. (2015)
Sterculia foetida (Java olive) Sterculiaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Sterculia lanceolata Huang et al. (2016)
Swietenia macrophylla (big leaved mahogany) Meliaceae Brooks (2002)

Sujan et al. (1980)

Swietenia mahagoni (Cuban mahogany) Meliaceae
Syzygium Lithomyrtus Brooks (2002)
Syzygium inophylloides Lithomyrtus Brooks (2002)
Syzygium samarangense (water apple) Lithomyrtus Ann et al. (1999)

Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Taiwania cryptomerioides (taiwania) Chrysomelidae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Tectona grandis (teak) Lamiaceae Farid et al. (2005)

Mohd et al. (2009)

Mohd et al. (2005)

Farid et al. (2005)

Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond) Combretaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Ann et al. (1999)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Terminalia richii Combretaceae Brooks (2002)
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) Malvaceae Brooks (2002)
Thespesia populnea (portia tree) Malvaceae Hodges and Tenorio (1984)
Toona sinensis (Chinese Toona) Meliaceae Tsai et al. (2017)
Toxicodendron succedaneum (wax tree) Anacardiaceae Sahashi et al. (2007)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Trachelospermum asiaticum Apocynaceae Sahashi et al. (2015)
Trema orientalis (charcoal tree) Ulmaceae Akiba et al. (2015)

Sahashi et al. (2015)

Ulmus parvifolia (lacebark elm) Ulmaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Urena lobata (caesar weed) Malvaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Vernicia fordii (tung-oil tree) Euphorbiaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Chang and Yang (1998)

Virola surinamensis (banak) Myristicaceae Brooks (2002)
Vitis (grape) Vitaceae Ann et al. (1999)
Vitis vinifera (grapevine) Vitaceae Ann et al. (1999)

Tsai et al. (2017)

Wikstroemia pseudoretusa Thymelaeaceae Sahashi et al. (2015)
Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Rutaceae Sahashi et al. (2015)
Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube) Rhamnaceae Tsai et al. (2017)

Brown root rot

P. noxium causes brown root rot, which is a serious problem in Taiwan and Hong Kong.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Zhou, Li-Wei; Ji, Xiao-Hong; Vlasák, Josef; Dai, Yu-Cheng (2018-09-03). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of Pyrrhoderma : a redefinition, the segregation of Fulvoderma , gen. nov., and identifying four new species". Mycologia. 110 (5): 872–889. doi:10.1080/00275514.2018.1474326. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 30240338.
  2. 1 2 EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH); Bragard, Claude; Baptista, Paula; Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet; Di Serio, Francesco; Gonthier, Paolo; Jaques Miret, Josep Anton; Justesen, Annemarie Fejer; MacLeod, Alan; Magnusson, Christer Sven; Milonas, Panagiotis; Navas-Cortes, Juan A.; Parnell, Stephen; Potting, Roel; Stefani, Emilio (March 2024). "Pest categorisation of Pyrrhoderma noxium". EFSA Journal. 22 (3) e8667. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8667. PMC 10949325. PMID 38505477.
  3. ↑ "Brown Rot / Citrus / Agriculture: Pest Management Guidelines / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM)". ipm.ucanr.edu. Retrieved 2025-02-27.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Ribera, J., Tang, A., Schubert, M., Lam, R., Chu, L., Leung, M., Kwan, H., Bas, M., & Schwarze, F. (2016). IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTAGONISTIC TRICHODERMA STRAINS FOR ERADICATING PHELLINUS NOXIUS IN COLONISED WOOD. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 28(4), 457–468. JSTOR 43956812
  5. 1 2 CABI (2022-01-07). "Phellinus noxius (brown tea root disease)". CABI Compendium. CABI Compendium 40154. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.40154. ISSN 2958-3969. S2CID 253604481.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chang, Tun-Tschu (1995). "Decline of Nine Tree Species Associated with Brown Root Rot Caused by Phellinus noxius in Taiwan". Plant Disease. 79 (9): 962. Bibcode:1995PlDis..79..962C. doi:10.1094/PD-79-0962. ISSN 0191-2917.
  7. ↑ Lee, S. S. (January 2000), Flood, J.; Bridge, P. D.; Holderness, M. (eds.), "The current status of root diseases of Acacia mangium Willd.", Ganoderma diseases of perennial crops (1 ed.), UK: CABI Publishing, pp. 71–79, doi:10.1079/9780851993881.0071, ISBN 978-0-85199-388-1, retrieved 2026-10-09{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  8. ↑ Lin, C., Chung, C., Wu, M., & Cho, C. (2013). DETECTION OF PHELLINUS NOXIUS DECAY IN STERCULIA FOETIDA TREE. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25(4), 487–496. JSTOR 23616989