↑Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
↑De S.Secco, R. (2004). Alchorneae (Euphorbiaceae) (Alchornea, Aparisthmium e Conceveiba). Flora Neotropica, Monograph 93: 1-194.