Punan Bah

Punan Bah people
Punan people
An elderly Punan man
Total population
approx. 5,000
Regions with significant populations
 Malaysia
Sarawak (Kapit and Bintulu Division)
 Indonesia
West Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, and East Kalimantan
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups

Punan Bah or Punan is an ethnic group found in Sarawak, Malaysia, and Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Punan Bah people are distinct and unrelated to the semi-nomadic Penan people, also of Borneo. Their name stems from two rivers along the banks of which they live.[citation needed] They have other names, including Mikuang Bungulan or Mikuang and Aveang Buan, which are only used ritually.

The Punan Bah previously based their living on a mixed economy—swidden agriculture with hill paddies as the main crop, supplemented by a range of tropical plants, including cassava, taro, sugar cane, and tobacco. Hunting, especially wild boar, fishing, and gathering of forest resources, are other important factors in their economy.

In the late 1980s, many younger, more educated Punan, gradually migrated to urban areas, such as Bintulu, Sibu, Kuching, and Kuala Lumpur, in search of better living conditions.[citation needed] Many would return home during major festivities, such as the Bungan harvest festival.[citation needed]

The society of the Punan Bah is stratified into 'laja' (aristocrats), 'panyen' (commoners), and 'lipen' (slaves).[citation needed]

Relation to sub-ethnic Punans

Kelirieng or burial pole at Pandan, Bintulu. This kelirieng was erected for a Punan aristocrats at Pandan or Pedan as it is known to the Punan. Kelirieng is a uniquely Punan ancient burial custom which the other ethnics namely the Kejaman, Lahanan, Kayan later adopted (copied).

There exists a common misunderstanding that all the so-called Punan on the island of Borneo are related and belong to the same tribe.[citation needed] In Sarawak, for example, there is the confusion between Punan and Penan. On the other hand, throughout the island of Borneo, the term Punan was often indiscriminately used during colonial times to refer to the then (unknown or yet to be classified) tribes as such as Punan Busang, Penihing, Sajau Hovongan, Uheng Kareho, Merah, Aput, Tubu, Bukat, Ukit, Habongkot, Penyawung as Punan[citation needed]. This heritage from colonial times still remain until today.

As a result, there are now more than 20 different tribes or ethnics with the name Punan that may be related or unrelated to one another in the island of Borneo. These tribes include:

Ethnic classification

Officially, as under the Sarawak Interpretation Ordinance, Punan is group under Kajang together with Sekapan, Kejaman, Lahanan and Sihan.

Unofficially, they are also included in the politically coined term Orang Ulu – popularised by a political association known as Orang Ulu National Association or (OUNA)[citation needed]. The association is a Kayan and Kenyah dominated association which they established in 1969[citation needed].

Genetics

Schematic summary of population settlement in Insular Southeast Asia. Dispersals of ancestries associated with ancient Mainland Southeast Asian and ancestral Punan-related components (B) predating the coastal South Chinese, and hence Austronesian-related, ancestries.

Research on Northeast Bornean Punan communities revealed them to display strong genetic ancestry connections to each other, and that they form an outgroup to other Austronesian-speaking groups. The results of a 2023 study "support long-term occupation of Borneo by Punan-related people" predating the arrival of other Austronesian-speakers from which they diverged earlier.

Longhouses

Punan are mostly found around Bintulu, Sarawak. Punan peoples can only be found at Pandan, Jelalong and Kakus in Bintulu Division; along the Rajang River, their longhouses dotted areas spanning from Merit District to lower Belaga town.

The Punan are believed[by whom?] to be one of the earliest peoples to have settled in the central part of Borneo, the Rajang River and Balui areas together with the Sekapan, Kejaman and Lahanan. However, the mass migrations of Kayans, subsequently followed by the warfaring Ibans into Rejang and Balui areas approximately some 200 years ago, forced the Punan communities living in these areas retreating to Kakus and subsequently to Kemena basin[citation needed].

As of 2006, there were more than ten Punan settlements (longhouses) found along the Rejang, Kakus, Kemena and Jelalong river. These settlements (longhouses) are:

The total Punan population is estimated to be around 3000–5000 people[citation needed].

Language

Bungan Gathering of Bungan followers at Punan Sama. Belaga Punan tribe

The Punan speak the Bah-Biau Punan language, one of the Punan languages. Although often confused with Penan, Punan is closer to the language spoken by the Sekapans and Kejamans.

Here are some phrases in Punan:

Religion and beliefs

Punan traditional religion was a form of animist known as "Besavik". The Brooke era saw the arrival of Christian missionaries, bringing education and modern medicine into Sarawak. But the Punan communities remain with their traditional religion of Besavik and subsequently adopting a cult religion—Bungan brought by Jok Apui, a Kenyah from Kalimantan.

However, the late 1990s showed an increase in the number of Punan converting to Christianity. This is partly due to more and more Punan becoming educated and modernised. As of 2006, almost half of Punan are now Christian, leaving only the elderly, less educated still remain observing "Bungan" religion[citation needed].

The Punan have a unique burial custom. In the early days they did not bury their aristocrats or lajar. Instead they built a pole known as kelirieng of 50-meter height to lay down their beloved leaders. In Sarawak it is estimated that there are fewer than 30 kelirieng left standing. The Punan still practise a secondary burial ceremony, whereby the dead body is kept at their longhouses for at least 3–7 days. This is partly to give more time for far-away relatives to pay their last respects to the deceased[citation needed].

Associations

There are two Punan associations in existence today:

References

  1. ↑ Nicolaisen, Ida. 1976. "Form and Function of Punan Ba Ethno-historical Tradition" in Sarawak Museum Journal Vol XXIV No. 45 (New Series). Kuching.
  2. ↑ Borrell, Brendan; Irwandi, Joshua (19 September 2023). "A Vanishing Nomadic Clan, with a Songlike Language All Their Own – New genetic research confirms the oral history of a small group of nomadic people living in Indonesia's rainforest". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  3. ↑ Wendy Hutton (2000). Adventure Guides: East Malaysia. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 962-593-180-5.
  4. 1 2 Peter G. Sercombe & Bernard Sellato (2008). Beyond the Green Myth. NIAS Press. ISBN 978-87-7694-018-8.
  5. 1 2 Vandana Shiva (2014). Wendell Berry (ed.). The Vandana Shiva Reader. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4699-7.
  6. ↑ Bernard Sellato (1994). Nomads of the Borneo Rainforest: The Economics, Politics, and Ideology of Settling Down. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 08-248-1566-1.
  7. ↑ Bernard Sellato & Peter G. Sercombe (2008). Beyond the Green Myth: Borneo's Hunter-Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century. NIAS Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-87-769-4018-8.
  8. ↑ Article 161A, Clause 6 of the Malaysia Constitution of Malaysia Federal Constitution
  9. ↑ Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Cox, Murray P.; Barker, Graeme; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J. Stephen; Jacobs, Guy S. (November 2023). "Deep ancestry of Bornean hunter-gatherers supports long-term local ancestry dynamics". Cell Reports. 42 (11) 113346. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113346. ISSN 2211-1247.
  10. ↑ Punan Ba longhouse razed in fire
  11. ↑ Lake' Baling (2002). Jérôme Rousseau (ed.). The Old Kayan Religion and the Bungan Religious Reform. Institute of East Asian Studies, UNIMAS. ISBN 983-9257-23-4.
  12. ↑ Jonathan Chia (11 April 2013). "Independent body for natives urged". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  13. ↑ Severianus Endi (12 March 2010). "Nenek Renta Itu Berubah Jadi Kodok". Kompas. Retrieved 5 November 2016.