The 9K35 is the successor of the 9K31 Strela-1 and can also use the Strela-1's missiles in place of the 9M37.
Development of the 9K37 Strela-10SV system was initiated on 24 July 1969. The decision to begin the development of a new non-all-weather system was taken despite the simultaneous development of an all-weather hybrid gun/missile system 2K22 "Tunguska", mainly as an economical measure. It was also seen as advantageous to have a system capable of fast reaction times and immunity to heavy radio-frequency jamming.
Rather than being mounted on an amphibious but lightly armoured BRDM-2 chassis like the 9K31, the 9K35 is mounted on a more mobile tracked, modified MT-LB, with more room for equipment and missile reloads. Provision for amphibious capability is provided in some variants in the form of polyurethane-filled floats.
The Strela-10SV system and its 9M37 missile were tested on the Donguzkom range from 1973 to 1974, but the results were disappointing: the system was found deficient in terms of missile probability of kill and vehicle reliability, among other issues. Acceptance into service was thus delayed until 16 May 1976, by which time improvements had been made to the system.
Development of the system continued over the years with Strela-10M, -10M2 and -10M3 variants introducing among other things improved radio communications and better integration with Soviet integrated air defence system air picture data. Improved missiles (9M37M and 9M333) were also developed, and by September 2007, the 9K35M3-K Kolchan variant, mounted on a BTR-60 wheeled chassis, was displayed for the first time at the Moscow Air Show MAKS 2007.
The Russian Armed Forces were to receive 72 advanced mobile "night" short-range "Strela-10M4" anti-aircraft missile complexes by 2016. In 2014, the Russian Airborne Troops received the first batch of 18 "Strela-10M4" vehicles. This modernization was intended to extend the service life of the system by 3–5 years.
The Strela-10M is expected to be replaced by the Sosna anti-aircraft missile system. The system is based on the MT-LB chassis consisting of 12 Sosna-R 9M337 beam rider missiles with a range of 10km and altitude of 5km.
Description
Associated systems and vehicles
The 9K35 is a SAM system with electro-optical guidance. It has the capability to use radars for target acquisition and range. Some vehicles have a pintle-mounted PKT 7.62mm machine gun in front of the forward hatch for close-in protection. Other vehicles have been seen with additional support railings for the system on the rear deck. The following is a list of associated equipment:
9A34M2, 9A34M3-K: launcher vehicle with 9S86 (NATO designation "SNAP SHOT") range only radar located between the two pairs of missile canisters on the transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) (maximum radar range is 450 to 10,000 m).
9A35M2, 9A35M3-K: launcher vehicle with 9S16 (NATO designation "Flat Box-B") passive radar detection system that gives a 360° azimuth and minimum 40° elevation coverage
9F624 and 9F624M training simulator
9S482M7 Control Post
9U111: a 1,950kg trailer-mounted 12kW generator unit, designed to feed power to up to four 9A35M2, 9A35M3-K or 9A34M2, 9A34M3-K launcher vehicles at a distance of up to 30m by cable while conducting maintenance or training operations.
9V839M: system checkout vehicle
9V915M, 9V915M-1: technical maintenance vehicle
MT-LBU with 9S80 (NATO designation "DOG EAR") F/G-band target acquisition radar (maximum range 80km (50miles))
Ranzhir-M 9S737М (GRAU designation 9S737): it is a mobile command center for a mixed grouping of air defense forces, such as the Tor, Tunguska, Strela-10, and Igla.
The Strela-10 system was originally designed to use the 9M37 missile as its primary weapon, but its launch system was designed to be also backwards compatible with the 9M31M missile of the earlier 9K31 Strela-1.
Each 9M37 missile is 2,200mm (7.2ft) long, weighs 40kg (88 pounds) and carries a 3.5kg (7.7 pound) warhead. The maximum speed of the missile is near Mach 2, engagement range is from 800 to 5000 m (0.3–3 miles) and engagement altitude is between 10 and 3500 m (33-11,500ft). (The ranges define the zone of target intercept, minimum and maximum launch distances are longer for approaching and shorter for receding targets, depending on the target's speed, altitude and flight direction.)
Four missiles are mounted on the turret in boxes, ready to launch, and eight more are carried inside the vehicle as reloads. Reloading takes around 3 minutes.
The 9M37 was quickly replaced with a slightly improved 9M37M (the main improvement was a more efficient autopilot system for missile flight path control), and later the significantly upgraded 9M333, which introduced the following:
heavier warhead of improved expanding-rod design and larger HE content
new proximity fuzing with 8-ray laser to improve probability of fuzing on near misses of very small targets, such as cruise missiles or UAVs
triple-channel guidance system for more robust countermeasure rejection
improved engine to provide similar performance despite the slight increase in missile length and weight.
All missiles—9M31M, 9M37, 9M37M and 9M333—are equipped with optical homing heads utilizing reticle-based photocontrast and/or infrared homing. 9M333 is said to have particularly good countermeasure resistance due to its triple-channel homing head, while the 9M37/9M37M's photocontrast channel is described as back-up method to the IR channel.
All main variants—Strela-10SV, Strela-10M, Strela-10M2 and Strela-10M3—can use all aforementioned missile types.
The main characteristics of the missiles are listed in the table below, based on source number unless otherwise noted. For comparison purposes, data for nearest western equivalent, the somewhat larger and heavier MIM-72 Chaparral, is also provided.
As the photocontrast channel provides effective head-on engagement ability, firing range against an approaching target can be considerably longer than the maximum ranges listed above, likewise maximum firing range would be considerably less than the maximum range of target destruction against a receding target. Definition of range and effective ceiling for MIM-72 is unknown and the figures are therefore not directly comparable.
(*) Contract for production of MIM-72G by retrofitting new components was awarded in late 1982, with all missile in US service upgraded by the late 1980s. New production of MIM-72G missiles started in 1990.
Combat use
Angolan Civil War
On 20 February 1988, 31-year-old Major Edward Richard Every from 1 SquadronSAAF, was killed in action when his Mirage F1AZ (serial 245) was shot down by a Cuban Strela-10 surface-to-air missile in Cuatir (near Menongue) while on an attack mission over Southern Angola.
Persian Gulf War
Iraq had several operational Strela-10 systems at the beginning of the 1991 international operation to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation, most if not all of which were organized as part of the battlefield air defence systems of the Republican Guard divisions.
During the operation, 27 coalition aircraft are believed to have been hit by Iraqi IR-homing SAMs, resulting in 14 losses. Some of the losses were shot down on the spot, while others, such as OA-10A 77-0197, returned to base only to be lost in a crash landing. Others landed safely, but were written off as total losses.[citation needed]
At least two losses are believed to have been due to Strela-10s: on 15 February 1991, an A-10A (78-0722) of 353rd TFS/354th TFW was hit by a SAM believed to be a Strela-10, some 100km north west of Kuwait City, while attacking Republican Guard targets. Pilot Lt Robert Sweet ejected and was made a prisoner of war. While attempting to protect Sweet on the ground, his wingman Steven Phyllis, flying another A-10A (79-0130), was also hit by what is believed to have been a Strela-10. Phyllis was killed in the incident.
On 14 April 2018, American, British and French forces launched a barrage of 105 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting eight sites in Syria. According to a Russian source, five Strela-10 missiles launched in response, destroying three incoming missiles, However, the US Department of Defense stated in a daily press briefing that no Allied missiles were shot down.
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war
The Armenian Air Force employed Strela-10 missile systems during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. During the opening days of the war, several videos released by the Azerbaijani military showed several Armenian 9K33 Osa and Strela-10 vehicles destroyed by Bayraktar TB2 armed drones.
Russo-Ukrainian War
A Strela-10 from the Ukrainian Armed Forces was recorded running over a civilian car in the opening weeks of the war. The driver of the car was uninjured. A Russian Strela-10M guarding Snake Island was destroyed by a Bayraktar TB2 on 30 April 2022. A Ukrainian Strela-10M system was reported destroyed by the Russian Air Force near Lisichansk on 17 June 2022. A Russian source claimed in September 2023 that Russia was using the 9M333 missile in Ukraine.
Wagner Group rebellion
A published video showed a Strela-10 targeting and nearly hitting a Russian Army Ka-52 helicopter near Voronezh; the missile was decoyed by flares.
↑Lord, Dick (2008). From Fledgling to Eagle: The South African Air Force during the Border War. Johannesburg: 30 Degrees South. pp.438–439. ISBN978-1-920143-30-5.
↑"Ukraine: These videos do not show a Russian tank running over a civilian in Kyiv". France 24. 28 February 2022. In several videos, the Ukrainian soldiers nearby do not attack the armored vehicle after it runs over the car, nor does the vehicle flee. This is why several journalists claim that the driver of the Strela-10 was not one of these saboteurs, but rather a Ukrainian soldier who was thrown off by the shooting that had taken place nearby. They said the collision between the car and the Ukrainian armored vehicle was accidental and caused by the fighting.
↑Cᴀʟɪʙʀᴇ Oʙsᴄᴜʀᴀ. "Tweet". Twitter. Retrieved 24 June 2023. It seems the mystery of how the fuel depot went up in #Voronezh is solved- a Wagner operated Strela-10 fired on a VKS Ka-52, but the likely 9M37-series missile missed and hit the depot. Explains why the Ka-52 wasn't seen firing rockets, just dropping flares.
↑Kočevar, Iztok (August 2014). "Micmac à tire-larigot chez Tito: L'arme blindée yougoslave durant la Guerre froide" [The Yugoslav armored arm during the Cold War]. Batailles et Blindés (in French). No.62. Caraktère. pp.66–79. ISSN1765-0828.
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
