Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum Graecum

The Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum Graecum (SVTG), also known as the Göttingen Septuagint, is a critical edition of the Greek Old Testament (Septuagint) prepared by the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities and published by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

The project was founded by Alfred Rahlfs in 1908, and continues under the direction of Reinhard G. Kratz and Felix Albrecht. As of February 2025, 26 volumes have been published (out of 36 total). The project is about 75% complete, and work on each of the remaining 10 volumes is in progress.

History

Since the early twentieth century, preparation of the major critical edition of the Septuagint has been centered in Göttingen, Germany. From its inception, the project's goal was to produce a comprehensive critical, eclectic edition of the entire corpus of Koine Greek translations known as the Septuagint (LXX). The task of each SVTG volume is thus to reconstruct the oldest attainable text version (i.e., before its later recensions) of a given book in a critical edition and to document its transmission as thoroughly as possible. The vision for the project stretches back to the approach to study of the LXX initiated by Paul Anton de Lagarde (1827–1891), who had hoped to himself produce a full eclectic edition, but ultimately fell far short.

Work on the Göttingen Septuagint officially began in 1908 with the project initiated by Lagarde's disciple, Alfred Rahlfs (1851–1913), supported by Rudolf Smend and Julius Wellhausen, and the founding of the Septuaginta-Unternehmen ('Septuagint Company') of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities (German: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen). From 1908 to 2015, the responsibility for producing a complete critical edition of the LXX belonged to the Septuaginta-Unternehmen. The project was led by six scholars over the course of its duration: Rahlfs (1908–1933), Werner Kappler (1933–1944), Emil Große-Brauckmann (1952–1961), Robert Hanhart (1961–1993), Anneli Aejmelaeus (1993–2000), and Bernhard Neuschäfer (2005–2015). During this period, 24 volumes of the SVTG were published, covering the Pentateuch, prophetic books, most of the deuterocanonical books, and a handful of others. In 2015, the funding for the Septuaginta-Unternehmen expired, and it officially closed.

Following the close of the Septuaginta-Unternehmen, the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities established another commission in 2016 to carry on the task of editing and producing the Göttingen Septuagint: the Kommission zur Edition und Erforschung der Septuaginta ('Commission for the Edition and Research of the Septuagint'), directed by Reinhard G. Kratz and Felix Albrecht. The Commission officially ran from 2016 to 2019, and resulted in the publication of two new editions and a number of revised printings of earlier volumes. From 2020 onwards, the production of the remaining books in the SVTG project has been conducted by the Robert Hanhart Foundation (Robert Hanhart-Stiftung zur Förderung der Septuaginta-Forschung), presided over by Kratz.

In 2020, a new long-term project of the Academy was established: the 'Editio critica maior' des griechischen Psalters ('Major Critical Edition of the Greek Psalter'). It officially began on January 1, 2020, and is scheduled to run for 21 years. As a product of its larger aim of exploring the complex and extensive tradition and textual history of the Greek Psalter, the project will culminate in the publication of a new critical edition of the Psalms and Odes for the Göttingen SVTG series. This will replace the outdated and inadequate 1931 edition by Rahlfs. The critically-reconstructed text will be provided in a hybrid format—both as a printed book and an online edition.

Volumes

Published

Wevers, John William, ed. (1974), Genesis, SVTG 1, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53391-8
———, ed. (1991), Exodus, SVTG 2.1, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53445-8
———, ed. (1986), Leviticus, SVTG 2.2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53444-1
———, ed. (1982), Numeri, SVTG 3.1, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53441-0
- 2nd edition: 2019
———, ed. (1977), Deuteronomium, SVTG 3.2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53410-6
- 2nd edition: 2006
Quast, Udo, ed. (2006), Ruth, SVTG 4.3, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53448-9
- 2nd edition: 2009
Hanhart, Robert, ed. (2014), Paralipomenon Liber II, SVTG 7.2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53449-6
———, ed. (1974), Esdrae Liber I, SVTG 8.1, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53399-4
- 2nd edition: 1991
———, ed. (1993), Esdrae Liber II, SVTG 8.2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53400-7
- 2nd edition: 2017
———, ed. (1966), Esther, SVTG 8.3, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53402-1
- 2nd edition: 1983
———, ed. (1979), Iudith, SVTG 8.4, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53438-0
———, ed. (1983), Tobit, SVTG 8.5, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53442-7
Kappler, Werner, ed. (1936), Maccabaeorum Liber I, SVTG 9.1, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53404-5 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- 2nd edition: 1967; 3rd edition: 1990
Hanhart, Robert, ed. (1959), Maccabaeorum Liber II, SVTG 9.2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53432-8 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- 2nd edition: 1976; 3rd edition: 2008; 4th edition: 2017
———, ed. (1960), Maccabaeorum Liber III, SVTG 9.3, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53433-5 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- 2nd edition: 1980
Rahlfs, Alfred, ed. (1931), Psalmi cum Odis, SVTG 10, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53412-0 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- 2nd edition: 1967; 3rd edition: 1979
- Replaced by Rahlfs, Alfred, ed. (2025), Psalmi cum Odis, with a supplement by Felix Albrecht, SVTG 13 (4th ed.), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-50225-9
Gentry, Peter J., ed. (2019), Ecclesiastes, SVTG 11.2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53427-4
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. (1982), Iob, SVTG 11.4, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53415-1
———, ed. (1962), Sapientia Salomonis, SVTG 12.1, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53417-5 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- 2nd edition: 1980; 3rd edition: 2017
———, ed. (1965), Sapientia Iesu Filii Sirach, SVTG 12.2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53419-9
- 2nd edition:1980; 3rd edition: 2015
Albrecht, Felix, ed. (2018), Psalmi Solomonis, SVTG 12.3, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53450-2
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. (1943), Duodecim Prophetae, SVTG 13, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53421-2 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- 2nd edition: 1967; 3rd edition: 1984; 4th edition: 2016
- Replaced by Albrecht, Felix, ed. (2024), Duodecim Prophetae, SVTG 13 (5th, completely revised ed.), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53472-4
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. (1939), Isaias, SVTG 14, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53424-3 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- 2nd edition: 1967; 3rd edition: 1983
———, ed. (1957), Ieremias, Baruch, Threni, Epistula Ieremiae, SVTG 15, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53426-7 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- 2nd edition: 1976; 3rd edition: 2005; 4th edition: 2013
———, ed. (1952), Ezechiel, SVTG 16.1, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53435-9 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- 2nd edition: 1978; 3rd edition: 2006; 4th edition: 2015
- Supplement: ———, ed. (1978), Ezechiel: Nachtrag, SVTG 16.1N, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53436-6
———, ed. (1954), Susanna, Daniel, Bel et Draco, SVTG 16.2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3-525-53446-5 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- 2nd edition: 1999 (partially revised by Olivier Munnich and Detlef Fraenkel)

In progress

Cañas Reíllo, José Manuel (ed.), Iosue, SVTG 4.1, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
——— (ed.), Iudices, SVTG 4.2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Aejmelaeus, Anneli (ed.), Regnorum Liber I (Samuelis I), SVTG 5.1, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Kauhanen, Tuukka (ed.), Regnorum Liber II (Samuelis II), SVTG 5.2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Trebolle Barrera, Julio; Torijano, Pablo A. (eds.), Regnorum Liber III (Regum I), SVTG 6.1, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
———; ——— (eds.), Regnorum Liber IV (Regum II), SVTG 6.2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Janz, Timothy (ed.), Paralipomenon Liber I, SVTG 7.1, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Hiebert, Robert J. V. (ed.), Maccabaeorum Liber IV, SVTG 9.4, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Albrecht, Felix (ed.), Psalmi cum Odis, SVTG 10, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Gentry, Peter J.; Schulz-Flügel, Eva (eds.), Prouerbia, SVTG 11.1, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Schulz-Flügel, Eva (ed.), Canticum, SVTG 11.3, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

Notes

↑ It is also common to see the fuller version of the series title and subtitle: Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum Graecum, auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis editum
↑ A critical edition of the Septuagint (i.e., the Old Greek) may be described as "a collection of the oldest recoverable texts, carefully restored book by book (or section by section), aiming at achieving the closest approximation to the original translations (from Hebrew or Aramaic) or compositions (in Greek), systematically reconstructed from the widest array of relevant textual data (including controlled conjecture)."
↑ See the project website: https://septuaginta.uni-goettingen.de/

References

1 2 "Griechische Übersetzung des hebräischen Alten Testaments". Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
↑ "Critical Editions of Septuagint/Old Greek Texts". The International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies.
↑ Piquer Otero and Torijano Morales, "2.3.9 From de Lagarde to the Göttingen Septuagint".
1 2 Kratz, "100 Jahre Göttinger Septuaginta", p. 1.
↑ Albrecht, "Report on the Göttingen Septuagint", pp. 201–202.
↑ Albrecht, "Report on the Göttingen Septuagint", p. 202.
1 2 3 4 5 Albrecht, "Report on the Göttingen Septuagint", p. 203.

Sources

Schäfer, Christian. Alfred Rahlfs (1865–1935) und die kritische Edition der Septuaginta: Eine biographisch-wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Studie. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 489. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016.
Albrecht, Felix. "Report on the Göttingen Septuagint." Textus 29.2 (2020): pp. 201–220. doi:10.1163/2589255X-bja10003
Kratz, Reinhard G. "100 Jahre Göttinger Septuaginta." In Die Göttinger Septuaginta: Ein editorisches Jahrhundertprojekt, edited by Reinhard G. Kratz and Bernhard Neuschäfer, pp. 1–10. Mitteilungen des Septuaginta-Unternehmens 30. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013.
Piquer Otero, Andrés, and Pablo Torijano Morales. "2.3.9 From de Lagarde to the Göttingen Septuagint." In Modern Printed Editions of the Jewish Bible and Its Christian Versions, vol. 3/2 of Textual History of the Bible, edited by Armin Lange. Leiden: Brill, forthcoming. Available online

External links

Official website

[1] It is also common to see the fuller version of the series title and subtitle: Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum Graecum, auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis editum

[4] A critical edition of the Septuagint (i.e., the Old Greek) may be described as "a collection of the oldest recoverable texts, carefully restored book by book (or section by section), aiming at achieving the closest approximation to the original translations (from Hebrew or Aramaic) or compositions (in Greek), systematically reconstructed from the widest array of relevant textual data (including controlled conjecture)."

[10] See the project website: https://septuaginta.uni-goettingen.de/

[webGreich-2] 1 2 "Griechische Übersetzung des hebräischen Alten Testaments". Niedersächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Retrieved 15 March 2024.

[3] "Critical Editions of Septuagint/Old Greek Texts". The International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies.

[5] Piquer Otero and Torijano Morales, "2.3.9 From de Lagarde to the Göttingen Septuagint".

[100jahP1-6] 1 2 Kratz, "100 Jahre Göttinger Septuaginta", p. 1.

[7] Albrecht, "Report on the Göttingen Septuagint", pp. 201–202.

[8] Albrecht, "Report on the Göttingen Septuagint", p. 202.

[albReportP203-9] 1 2 3 4 5 Albrecht, "Report on the Göttingen Septuagint", p. 203.