School Based Prevention Programs

School-based prevention programs provide school-wide education, skills training and supports intended to improve student success in school by teaching interpersonal and communication skills, increasing self-awareness, and reducing risk factors that lead to risky behaviors.

Overview

Preventing mental health problems and promoting healthy behavior among youth has become a critical policy issue; it is estimated that 50% students will be identified with a mental health disorder by the age of 14. The Report of the Surgeon General’s Conference on Children’s Mental Health stated the importance of fostering a solid emotional foundation in children in order to facilitate learning. However, children and families face significant barriers to accessing and receiving community-based mental health services. As a result, schools have been identified as ideal avenues through which to reach youth. Universal prevention programs are offered to the general population, while selective prevention programs are intended for groups identified as at risk for developing a problem. This differentiates them from intervention or treatment programs, which are intended for individuals who already have a problem or meet criteria for a disorder.

Approaches

A number of school-based programs have been developed to target specific outcomes, such as reducing incidences of bullying, substance use, and antisocial behavior. Others have been designed to foster positive youth development and improve academic performance. While each of these programs focuses on distinct issues and outcomes, research suggests that in adolescent-focused initiatives integrating training in communication skills, problem solving, insight building, and assertiveness training will bring improvements to multiple issues. These results suggest that certain core skills may be critical to seemingly disparate desired outcomes, which may have implications for clinical decision making as well as policy.

A meta-analysis of 213 school-based prevention programs promoting social and emotional learning (SEL) looked at outcomes in six different domains: social and emotional skills, attitudes toward self and others, positive social behaviors, conduct problems, emotional distress, and academic performance. Findings suggested that SEL programs had positive effects across all six domains, demonstrating the broad impact of universal school-based prevention programs.

The use of evidence-based programs has been shown to improve outcomes with research that suggests combining implementation of multiple programs into one comprehensive strategy achieves greater success overall.Prevention programs that are delivered over multiple years and that involve support from the local community are also more likely to lead to better outcomes and are the most-cost effective way to deliver prevention.

Challenges

While 59% of schools in the U.S. report having programs that foster children’s social and emotional needs, evidence-based initiatives have not been widely implemented. Schools may be unaware of the evidenced-based programs that are available, reflecting the gap between research and practice. Schools that are aware of effective programs may lack funding necessary to implement the program. Should schools receive funding for implementation, research shows that programs are often poorly implemented, resulting in low fidelity and weak outcomes. Additionally, some prevention programs may not be a good fit with the local context and may require tailoring. Finally, schools may struggle to sustain programs due to limited resources and support.

Implementation strategies

While there are significant challenges to implementing evidence-based prevention programs into school settings, there are strategies to increase the success of introducing and sustaining such programs. These strategies include assigning highly committed individuals as project directors or coordinators; encouraging support and cooperation from school administrators, community members and principals; motivating and gaining the support and enthusiasm of teachers; training which will provide knowledge, skills, and desire to continue further; retraining a few years after to reinforce knowledge and continue the commitment of the teacher or school; and gathering feedback to provide instructors with how to improve their skills

Properly implemented programs are likelier to have good outcomes, which may incentivize policymakers to allocate more funding to these initiatives. Including explicit cost-benefit analysis should be considered when designing programs. Having more structure in the program and implementation process - from training to materials to supervision - may also be beneficial and lead to sustainment.

Further reading

SAMSHA's Evidence-Based Practices Resource Center provides information, links to current research and best practices on a range of issues including mental health and drug prevention, treatment, and recovery programs.

References

  1. ↑ "The Study of Implementation in School-Based Preventive Interventions: Theory, Research, and Practice (Volume 3)" (PDF).
  2. 1 2 Baffsky, Rachel; Ivers, Rebecca; Cullen, Patricia; Wang, Jessica; McGillivray, Lauren; Torok, Michelle (2023-02-01). "Strategies for Enhancing the Implementation of Universal Mental Health Prevention Programs in Schools: A Systematic Review". Prevention Science. 24 (2): 337–352. doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01434-9. ISSN 1573-6695. PMC 9938015. PMID 36098892.
  3. ↑ U.S. Public Health Service, 2000, p. 3
  4. ↑ KAZDIN, ALAN E. (Oct 1997). "Parent Management Training: Evidence, Outcomes, and Issues". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 36 (10): 1349–1356. doi:10.1097/00004583-199710000-00016. PMID 9334547.
  5. 1 2 Domitrovich, Celene E.; Bradshaw, Catherine P.; Greenberg, Mark T.; Embry, Dennis; Poduska, Jeanne M.; Ialongo, Nicholas S. (January 2010). "Integrated models of school-based prevention: Logic and theory". Psychology in the Schools. 47 (1): 71–88. doi:10.1002/pits.20452. ISSN 0033-3085. PMC 4865396. PMID 27182089.
  6. ↑ Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities.
  7. ↑ Lösel, Friedrich; Beelmann, Andreas (2003-05-01). "Effects of Child Skills Training in Preventing Antisocial Behavior: A Systematic Review of Randomized Evaluations". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 587 (1): 84–109. doi:10.1177/0002716202250793. ISSN 0002-7162.
  8. ↑ Tobler, Nancy S.; Roona, Michael R.; Ochshorn, Peter; Marshall, Diana G.; Streke, Andrei V.; Stackpole, Kimberly M. (2000). "School-Based Adolescent Drug Prevention Programs: 1998 Meta-Analysis". Journal of Primary Prevention. 20 (4): 275–336. doi:10.1023/A:1021314704811. ISSN 0278-095X.
  9. ↑ "NIDA Study Shows School-Based Prevention Program Reduces Problem Behaviors in Fifth-Graders by Half". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2015-08-30. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  10. ↑ Catalano, Richard F.; Berglund, M. Lisa; Ryan, Jean A. M.; Lonczak, Heather S.; Hawkins, J. David (2004-01-01). "Positive Youth Development in the United States: Research Findings on Evaluations of Positive Youth Development Programs". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 591 (1): 98–124. doi:10.1177/0002716203260102. ISSN 0002-7162.
  11. ↑ "Learning influences". Psychology and Educational Practice. 1997.
  12. ↑ Boustani, Maya M.; Frazier, Stacy L.; Becker, Kimberly D.; Bechor, Michele; Dinizulu, Sonya M.; Hedemann, Erin R.; Ogle, Robert R.; Pasalich, Dave S. (2014-02-07). "Common Elements of Adolescent Prevention Programs: Minimizing Burden While Maximizing Reach". Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. 42 (2): 209–219. doi:10.1007/s10488-014-0541-9. ISSN 0894-587X. PMID 24504979.
  13. ↑ Durlak, Joseph A.; Weissberg, Roger P.; Dymnicki, Allison B.; Taylor, Rebecca D.; Schellinger, Kriston B. (2011-01-01). "The Impact of Enhancing Students' Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta-Analysis of School-Based Universal Interventions". Child Development. 82 (1): 405–432. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x. ISSN 1467-8624. PMID 21291449.
  14. 1 2 Fishbein, Diana H.; Sloboda, Zili (2023-03-01). "A National Strategy for Preventing Substance and Opioid Use Disorders Through Evidence-Based Prevention Programming that Fosters Healthy Outcomes in Our Youth". Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 26 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10567-022-00420-5. ISSN 1573-2827. PMC 9768412. PMID 36542196.
  15. 1 2 Greenberg, Mark T.; Weissberg, Roger P.; O'Brien, Mary Utne; Zins, Joseph E.; Fredericks, Linda; Resnik, Hank; Elias, Maurice J. (June 2003). "Enhancing school-based prevention and youth development through coordinated social, emotional, and academic learning". American Psychologist. 58 (6–7): 466–474. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.6-7.466. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 12971193.
  16. ↑ Foster, Susan; Rollefson, Mary; Doksum, Teresa; Noonan, Denise; Robinson, Gail; Teich, Judith (2004-11-30). School Mental Health Services in the United States, 2002-2003. SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI).
  17. ↑ Gottfredson, Denise C.; Gottfredson, Gary D. (2002-02-01). "Quality of School-Based Prevention Programs: Results from a National Survey". Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 39 (1): 3–35. doi:10.1177/002242780203900101. ISSN 0022-4278.
  18. ↑ Fagan, Abigail A.; Mihalic, Sharon (2003). "Strategies for Enhancing the Adoption of School-Based Prevention Programs: Lessons Learned from the Blueprints for Violence Prevention Replications of the Life Skills Training Program". Journal of Community Psychology. 31 (3): 235–253. doi:10.1002/jcop.10045.
  19. ↑ "Benefits and Costs of Prevention and Early Intervention Programs for Youth" (PDF).
  20. ↑ Gottfredson, Denise C.; Gottfredson, Gary D. (2002-02-01). "Quality of School-Based Prevention Programs: Results from a National Survey". Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 39 (1): 3–35. doi:10.1177/002242780203900101. ISSN 0022-4278.
  21. ↑ Evans, Caroline B.R.; Fraser, Mark W.; Cotter, Katie L. (2014). "The effectiveness of school-based bullying prevention programs: A systematic review". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 19 (5): 532–544. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2014.07.004.
  22. ↑ Gottfredson, D; Gottfredson, G (2002). "Quality of School-Based Prevention Programs: Results from a National Survey". Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 39: 3–35. doi:10.1177/002242780203900101.
  23. ↑ Pentz, Mary Ann (2014). "Integrating Mindfuldness into School-Based Substance Use and Other Prevention Programs". Substance Use and Misuse. 49 (5): 617–619. doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.879796. PMID 24611859.
  24. ↑ Zenzen, Wanda; Kridli, Suha (July 2009). "Integrative Review of School-Based Childhood Obesity Prevention". Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 23 (4): 242–258. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2008.04.008. PMID 19559992.