Grammatical person

In linguistics, grammatical person is a grammatical category reflecting the discourse roles of the communicating parties. The expressions distinguish between deictic references to one or more participants in an event. Typically, the distinction is between the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), and others (third person). A language's set of pronouns is typically defined by grammatical persons. First person includes the speaker (English: I, we), second person is the person or people spoken to (English: your or you), and third person includes all that are not listed above (English: he, she, it, they).: 1–2 

Person can be expressed through dependent and independent markers. Independent forms are those used as separate words, as is the case for many personal pronouns. Dependent forms are more restricted and often realized as bound morphemes.: 16–17, 21–22  Person morphemes frequently affects verbs, and sometimes nouns or possessive relationships.

Number

Markers of person almost universally also mark number. It is usually marked by suppletive forms.: 79–80 

Inclusive/exclusive distinction

Some other languages use different classifying systems, especially in the plural pronouns. One frequently found difference not present in most Indo-European languages is a contrast between inclusive and exclusive "we": a distinction of first-person plural pronouns between including or excluding the addressee.

Honorifics

Many languages express person with different morphemes in order to distinguish degrees of formality and informality. A simple honorific system common among European languages is the T–V distinction. Some other languages have much more elaborate systems of formality that go well beyond the T–V distinction, and use many different pronouns and verb forms that express the speaker's relationship with the people they are addressing. Many Malayo-Polynesian languages, such as Javanese and Balinese, are well known for their complex systems of honorifics; Japanese, Korean, and Chinese also have similar systems to a lesser extent.

Other parts of speech

Verbs

In many languages, the verb takes a form dependent on the person of the subject and whether it is singular or plural. In English, this happens with the verb to be as follows:

Other verbs in English take the suffix -s to mark the present tense third person singular, excluding singular 'they'.

In many languages, such as French, the verb in any given tense takes a different suffix for any of the various combinations of person and number of the subject.

Nouns

The Elamite language had person declension also in nouns, forming a word with the meaning "I/You/they, the [noun]", e.g.:

Additional persons

The grammar of some languages divide the semantic space into more than three persons. The extra categories may be termed fourth person, fifth person, etc. Such terms are not absolute but can refer, depending on context, to any of several phenomena.

Some Algonquian languages and Salishan languages divide the category of third person into two parts: proximate for a more topical third person, and obviative for a less topical third person. The obviative is sometimes called the fourth person.

The fourth person term is also sometimes used for the category of impersonal verbs in Skolt Saami. The so-called "zero person" in Finnish and related languages, in addition to passive voice, may serve to leave the subject-referent open. Zero person subjects are sometimes translated as "one", although in tone it is similar to English's generic you; "Ei saa koskettaa" ("Not allowed to touch", "You should not touch").

English personal pronouns in the nominative case

Pronoun Person and number Gender
Standard
I First-person singular
we First-person plural
you Second-person singular or second-person plural
he Third-person masculine singular masculine
she Third-person feminine singular feminine
it Third-person neuter (and inanimate) singular neuter
they Third-person plural or gender-neutral singular epicene
Dialectal
me First-person singular, dialectal Caribbean English and colloquial special uses
thee Second-person singular, literary, dialectal Yorkshire, and occasional use by Quakers
allyuh Second-person plural, many English-based creole languages, dialectal Caribbean English
unu Second-person plural, many English-based creole languages, dialectal Caribbean English
y'all Second-person plural, dialectal Southern American, Texan English, and African-American English
ye Second-person plural, dialectal Hiberno-English and Newfoundland English
yinz Second-person plural, Scots, dialectal Scottish English, Pittsburgh English
you guys Second-person plural, dialectal American English and Canadian English
you(r) lot Second-person plural, dialectal British English
yous (guys) Second-person plural, dialectal New Zealand English
yous(e) Second-person plural, Australian English, many urban American dialects like New York City English and Chicago English, as well as Ottawa Valley English. Sporadic usage in some British English dialects, such as Mancunian. Also used by some speakers of Hiberno-English.
yourse Second-person plural, Scots, dialect Central Scottish Lowlands, Scouse, Cumbrian, Tyneside, Hiberno English.
us First-person plural subject, as in, us guys are going...
them Third-person plural subject, as in, them girls drove...
Archaic
thou Second-person singular informal subject
ye Second-person plural

See also

Grammar

Works

References

  1. 1 2 3 Siewierska, Anna (2004). Person. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511812729.
  2. ↑ Filimonova, Elena (2005). Clusivity: Typology and Case Studies of Inclusive-exclusive Distinction. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-2974-8.[page needed]
  3. ↑ Itoh, Keiko (2016). "Japanese Honorifics". My Shanghai, 1942-1946. Amsterdam University Press. pp. x–xi. doi:10.1515/9781898823414-003. ISBN 978-1-898823-41-4. JSTOR j.ctt1s17nnj.5.
  4. ↑ Byon, Andrew Sangpil (2000). "Teaching Korean honorifics". The Korean Language in America. 5: 275–289. JSTOR 42922325.
  5. ↑ Basello, Gian Pietro. "8". An Introduction to Elamite Language (PDF). p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4476-3979-4.
  6. ↑ "Marcadores nominales".
  7. ↑ Harrigan, Atticus G.; Schmirler, Katherine; Arppe, Antti; Antonsen, Lene; Trosterud, Trond; Wolvengrey, Arok (November 2017). "Learning from the computational modelling of Plains Cree verbs". Morphology. 27 (4): 565–598. doi:10.1007/s11525-017-9315-x. S2CID 10649070.
  8. ↑ Juutinen, Markus; Ylikoski, Jussi. "The fourth-person verb forms in Skolt Saami". Saami Linguistics in Uppsala. The 2019 SAALS 4 Symposium.
  9. ↑ Laitinen, Lea (2006). "Zero person in Finnish: A grammatical resource for construing human reference". Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. 277: 209–231. doi:10.1075/cilt.277.15lai.
  10. ↑ Leinonen, Marja (January 1983). "Generic zero subjects in Finnish and Russian". Scando-Slavica. 29 (1): 143–161. doi:10.1080/00806768308600841.