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Government space agencies are bodies established by national governments, or by regional agencies representing groups of countries, to advocate for and engage in activities relating to outer space, including the operation of space systems, and space exploration.
Their objectives include the use of remote sensing data, communications, education, and economic development. Most agencies are civil rather than military bodies, established to advance the benefits of exploring and using space. They range from small agencies with limited budgets to large national or regional organizations such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States, the European Space Agency (ESA) which coordinates for more than 20 constituent countries, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos" (Roscosmos) of Russia, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and the China National Space Administration (CNSA).
The space agency listings are segregated to enable identification of subsets of the complete list that have advanced to higher levels or technical or programmatic proficiency in accordance with the following:
- Establishment of agency, initial exploitation of space-based systems
- Development of launch capability
- Capacity for extraterrestrial exploration
- Demonstration of human spaceflight capability across one or more of these domains
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