Stoneham number

In mathematics, the Stoneham numbers are a certain class of real numbers, named after mathematician Richard G. Stoneham (1920–1996). For coprime numbers b, c > 1, the Stoneham number α_b,c is defined as

α_{b, c} = \sum_{n = c^{k} > 1} \frac{1}{b^{n} n} = \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{b^{c^{k}} c^{k}}

It was shown by Stoneham in 1973 that α_b,c is b-normal whenever c is an odd prime and b is a primitive root of c². In 2002, Bailey & Crandall showed that coprimality of b, c > 1 is sufficient for b-normality of α_b,c.

References

↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Stoneham Number". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2025-01-31.
↑ Bailey, David H.; Crandall, Richard E. (2002). "Random Generators and Normal Numbers". Experimental Mathematics. 11 (4): 527–546. doi:10.1080/10586458.2002.10504704. S2CID 8944421.

Bailey, D. H.; Crandall, R. E. (2002), "Random generators and normal numbers" (PDF), Experimental Mathematics, 11 (4): 527–546, doi:10.1080/10586458.2002.10504704, S2CID 8944421.
Bugeaud, Yann (2012). Distribution modulo one and Diophantine approximation. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics. Vol. 193. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11169-0. Zbl 1260.11001.
Stoneham, R.G. (1973). "On absolute $(j,ε)$-normality in the rational fractions with applications to normal numbers". Acta Arithmetica. 22 (3): 277–286. doi:10.4064/aa-22-3-277-286. Zbl 0276.10028.
Stoneham, R.G. (1973). "On the uniform ε-distribution of residues within the periods of rational fractions with applications to normal numbers". Acta Arithmetica. 22 (4): 371–389. doi:10.4064/aa-22-4-371-389. Zbl 0276.10029.

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[1] Weisstein, Eric W. "Stoneham Number". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2025-01-31.

[2] Bailey, David H.; Crandall, Richard E. (2002). "Random Generators and Normal Numbers". Experimental Mathematics. 11 (4): 527–546. doi:10.1080/10586458.2002.10504704. S2CID 8944421.