Timeline of the Chagatai Khanate

Chagatai Khanate, late 13th century.
Moghulistan in 1372
After the collapse of the Chagatai Khanate, 1490.
Yarkent Khanate and Turpan Khanate in 1517

This is a timeline of the Chagatai Khanate (1226–1348) and its successor states, Moghulistan (1347–1462), Yarkent Khanate (1514–1696), and the Turpan Khanate (1462–1680).

12th century

1180s

YearDateEvent
118322 DecemberChagatai is born

13th century

1200s

YearDateEvent
1208Qocho, Qayaligh, and Almaliq submit to Genghis Khan; Almaliq and the Issyk-Kul region given to Chagatai

1210s

YearDateEvent
1211Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jochi, Ögedei, and Chagatai invade Inner Mongolia
1213autumnMongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jochi, Ögedei, and Chagatai ravage Hebei and Shanxi
1219fallMongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Ögedei and Chagatai take Otrar and massacres its population; Genghis Khan dispatches Jochi to conquer Syr Darya and another army to conquer Fergana
Chagatai oversees the road construction for the Mongol Empire

1220s

YearDateEvent
1220Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Genghis Khan takes Bukhara and Samarkand (given to Chagatai along with Jimsar County) and Muhammad II of Khwarezm flees to Nishapur; Genghis Khan dispatches Jebe and Subutai to destroy the sultan
1221AprilMongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Jochi, Chagatai, and Ögedei destroy Urgench while Tolui takes Nishapur and Herat
Siege of Bamyan: Genghis Khan takes Bamyan; Chagatai's son Mutukan dies in the process
1227Mongol conquest of Western Xia: Chagatai takes Taiyuan and gains the advisors Vajir the Uyghur and Qutb-ud-Din Habash 'Amid
1229Chagatai supports Ögedei's enthronement and is granted Transoxiana

1240s

YearDateEvent
12421 JulyChagatai Khan dies and his grandson Qara Hülegü succeeds him
1246Güyük Khan appoints Yesü Möngke as head of the Chagatai Khanate

1250s

YearDateEvent
1251Möngke Khan appoints Qara Hülegü as head of the Chagatai Khanate, who dies soon after, and his wife Orghana becomes regent for her young son Mubarak Shah

1260s

YearDateEvent
1260Toluid Civil War: Alghu, a grandson of Chagatai Khan, deposes Mubarak Shah, an appointee to the Chagatai Khanate of the Mongol Empire, and sets up court in Kashgar while attacking Otrar and Afghanistan
1262Toluid Civil War: Alghu betrays Ariq Böke and allies with Kublai Khan
1266Alghu dies and is succeeded by Mubarak Shah, who is deposed by Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq
1269Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq is defeated by the Golden Horde and loses a third of Transoxiana

1270s

YearDateEvent
1270Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate invades the Ilkhanate but suffers defeat at the battle of Qara-Su near Herat
1271Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq dies and Kaidu takes control of the Chagatai Khanate, installing Negübei as puppet khan
1275Chagatai Khanate gains Ghazni
1276Chagatai Khanate secures control of Almaliq

1280s

YearDateEvent
1282Kaidu enthrones Duwa as khan of the Chagatai Khanate
1286Chagatai Khanate secures control of the Tarim Basin

1290s

YearDateEvent
1291Chagatai Khanate raids Ilkhanate
1292Chagatai Khanate raids India
1295Chagatai Khanate secures control of Turpan and Hami
1298winterKaidu–Kublai war: Duwa of the Chagatai Khanate defeats Yuan forces in Mongolia and captures Temür Khan's son in law, Körgüz

14th century

1300s

YearDateEvent
1301SeptemberKaidu–Kublai war: Duwa and Kaidu suffer injuries in battle with Yuan forces east of the Altai Mountains and Kaidu dies soon after
1304Temür Khan, Chapar Khan of the House of Ögedei, and Duwa of the Chagatai Khanate send envoys to the Ilkhanate to establish peace and restore unity among Mongols; Chagatai Khanate becomes a Yuan tributary
1306Temür Khan sends Külüg Khan to aid Duwa in his war against Chapar Khan
1307Chapar Khan is defeated and Duwa installs his brother Yangichar as puppet
Duwa dies and his son Könchek succeeds him
1308Könchek dies and Taliqu, a Muslim grandson of Büri, succeeds him
1309Kebek, son of Duwa, murders Taliqu and enthrones his brother Esen Buqa I

1310s

YearDateEvent
1312Ilkhanate seizes Ghazni
1316Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war: Conflict breaks out between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan dynasty and Ilkhanate
1318Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war: Esen Buqa I dies and Kebek succeeds him

1320s

YearDateEvent
1326Kebek dies and his brother Eljigidey succeeds him
1328Chagatai Khanate invades India, reaching as far as Delhi

1330s

YearDateEvent
1330Eljigidey is deposed by his brother Duwa Temür
1331Duwa Temür is deposed by his brother Tarmashirin, who converts to Islam
1334Rebels discontent with the conversion to Islam kill Tarmashirin, who is succeeded by Buzan, his nephew
1335Buzan is overthrown by his cousin Changshi
1338Changshi is murdered by his brother Yesun Temur, who succeeds him
Black Death strikes the Chagatai Khanate

1340s

YearDateEvent
1342Yesun Temur is deposed by 'Ali-Sultan
1347Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur is defeated by Qazaghan, who sets up Danishmandchi, an Ögedeiid prince, as puppet khan; effective end of the united Chagatai Khanate
The Chagatai Khanate is split in two, with Qazaghan taking control of the western portion (Transoxania) and Tughlugh Timur the eastern portion (Moghulistan)
1348Transoxania: Danishmandchi is killed by Qazaghan, who enthrones Bayan Qulï as khan

1350s

YearDateEvent
1350Moghulistan: Tughlugh Timur gets circumsized and becomes a Muslim
1351Transoxania: Qazaghan attacks the Kart dynasty and sacks Herat
1357Transoxania: Qazaghan is assassinated and his son Abdullah succeeds him
1358Transoxania: Abdullah had Bayan Qulï killed, angering Hajji Beg, Timur's uncle, the lord of Kesh, who drove him into exile and his death

1360s

YearDateEvent
1360MarchMoghulistan: Tughlugh Timur invades Transoxania and forces Hajji Beg to retreat to Khorasan; where he is assassinated at Shindand; Timur becomes head of the Barlas clan due to the death of Hajji Beg
1363Transoxania: Amir Husayn and Timur invade and take Transoxania from Moghulistan; while fleeing Ilyas Khoja learns of his father Tughlugh Timur's death
1364Transoxania: Amir Husayn and Timur enthrone Khabul Shah
1365Moghulistan: Ilyas Khoja invades Transoxania and lays siege to Samarkand but is forced to retreat after his army is hit by an epidemic
1368Moghulistan: Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat murders Ilyas Khoja and usurps the title of khan

1370s

YearDateEvent
137010 AprilTransoxania: Timur proclaims himself Amir in Balkh after defeating Amir Husayn and enthrones Soyurgatmish as khan, killing Khabul Shah
1375Transoxania: Timur invades Moghulistan, devastating the Ili region, to which Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat responds by invading Fergana and ambushing Timur, who barelly escapes

1380s

YearDateEvent
1388Transoxania: Timur declares himself sultan and enthrones Sultan Mahmud as khan after Soyurgatmish dies
1389Transoxania: Timur invades Moghulistan almost reaching Turpan and defeating Khizr Khoja

1390s

YearDateEvent
1390Transoxania: Timur invades Moghulistan and drives Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat into hiding, enabling Khizr Khoja to gain control of the region
1397Moghulistan: Khizr Khoja's daughter marries Timur
1399Moghulistan: Khizr Khoja dies and his son Shams-i-Jahan succeeds him

15th century

1400s

YearDateEvent
1400Transoxania: Timur sends his grandson Mirza Iskander to invade Moghulistan, seizing Aksu and Khotan
1402Transoxania: Sultan Mahmud dies; effective end of the Western Chagatai Khanate
1408Shams-i-Jahan is succeeded by his brother Muhammad Khan

1410s

YearDateEvent
1415Muhammad Khan is succeeded by his brother Naqsh-i-Jahan
1418Naqsh-i-Jahan is succeeded by Uwais Khan

1420s

YearDateEvent
1421Uwais Khan is succeeded by Sher Muhammad
1425Shah Rukh sends his son Ulugh Beg to invade Moghulistan and defeats Sher Muhammad; Uwais Khan becomes ruler of Moghulistan again
1429Uwais Khan is killed by Satuq Khan; two factions supporting his sons Esen Buqa II and Yunus Khan go to war with Esen winning

1430s

YearDateEvent
1433Moghulistan recovers Kashgar from the Timurid Empire

1450s

YearDateEvent
1451Esen Buqa II raids the Timurid Empire; in response Abu Sa'id Mirza lends Yunus Khan troops to occupy Moghulistan near the Ili River, splitting the western portion into what would come to be known as the Yarkent Khanate

1460s

YearDateEvent
1462Esen Buqa II dies and is succeeded by his son Dost Muhammad
1469Dost Muhammad dies and is succeeded by his son Kebek Sultan

1470s

YearDateEvent
1472Kebek Sultan is assassinated, leaving Yunus Khan sole ruler of Moghulistan
1473Ming–Turpan conflict: Yunus Khan occupies Hami
1479Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat rebels and takes possession of Yarkand, defeating Yunus Khan twice

1480s

YearDateEvent
1482Ming–Turpan conflict: Hami is retaken by Qanšin
1484Taking advantage of the conflict between Umar Shaikh Mirza II and Sultan Ahmed Mirza, Yunus Khan occupies Fergana and Sayram
1484Ahmad Alaq founds the Kyrgyz Khanate
1486Yunus Khan dies and is succeeded by his sons Ahmad Alaq (Turpan Khanate) and Mahmud Khan (Yarkent Khanate)
1488Yarkent Khanate: Mahmud Khan defeats a Timurid invasion
Ming–Turpan conflict: Ahmad Alaq kills Qanšin and takes control of Hami
1489Ming–Turpan conflict: Engke Bolad retakes Hami

1490s

YearDateEvent
1493Ming–Turpan conflict: Ahmad Alaq captures Šamba and occupies Hami
1497Ming–Turpan conflict: Ahmad Alaq abandons Hami
1499Turpan Khanate: Ahmad Alaq seizes Kashgar and Yengisar from Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat

16th century

1500s

YearDateEvent
1502Muhammad Shaybani captures both Ahmad Alaq and Mahmud Khan in battle
1503Turpan Khanate: Muhammad Shaybani releases the Moghul khans but Ahmad Alaq dies soon after and is succeeded by his son Mansur Khan
1508Yarkent Khanate: Mahmud Khan is defeated by his nephew Sultan Said Khan, flees to Muhammad Shaybani, who executes him
1509Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat captures Kashgar

1510s

YearDateEvent
1513Ming–Turpan conflict: Kara Del submits to Mansur Khan
1514Yarkent Khanate: Sultan Said Khan overthrows Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat and takes all of his territory, ruling it in his own right; so ends the unified Moghulistan
1517Ming–Turpan conflict: Mansur Khan launches raids into the Ming dynasty

1520s

YearDateEvent
1529Yarkent Khanate: Sultan Said Khan invades Badakhshan

1530s

YearDateEvent
1533Yarkent Khanate: Sultan Said Khan dies while trying to invade Tibet and is succeeded by his son Abdurashid Khan - during his reign he loses the northern pastures to nomads

1540s

YearDateEvent
1543Makhdum-i-Azam dies and his sons create the Aq Taghliq and Qara Taghliq religious orders
1545Turpan Khanate: Mansur Khan is succeeded by his son Shah Khan

1550s

YearDateEvent
1558Yarkent Khanate: Kazakh Khanate invades but is repelled

1560s

YearDateEvent
1565Yarkent Khanate: Abdurashid Khan is succeeded by his son Abdul Karim Khan

1570s

YearDateEvent
1570Turpan Khanate: Shah Khan dies and is succeeded by his brother Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan; records don't mention much of the Turpan Khanate after this

1590s

YearDateEvent
1593Yarkent Khanate: Abdul Karim Khan is succeeded by his brother Muhammad Sultan

17th century

1610s

YearDateEvent
1610Yarkent Khanate: Muhammad Sultan is succeeded by his son Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan
1619Yarkent Khanate: Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan is assassinated and succeeded by Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan

1630s

YearDateEvent
1631Yarkent Khanate: Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan is succeeded by his nephew Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan)
1636Yarkent Khanate: Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) is overthrown by Abdallah (Moghul Khan)

1650s

YearDateEvent
1655Yarkent Khanate: Yarkent becomes a tributary of the Qing dynasty

1660s

YearDateEvent
1667Yarkent Khanate: Abdallah (Moghul Khan) is overthrown by his son, YuIbars Khan

1670s

YearDateEvent
1670Yarkent Khanate: Yulbars Khan is overthrown and his uncle Ismail Khan is enthroned
1678Dzungar conquest of Altishahr: Ismail Khan drives out to the Aq Taghliq Khoja Afaq Khoja, who seeks help from the 5th Dalai Lama, who in turn writes a letter to the Dzungar Khanate for help.

1680s

YearDateEvent
1680Dzungar conquest of Altishahr: The Dzungars invade and kill Ismail's family. Abd ar-Rashid Khan II is installed as ruler.
1682Riots break out, forcing Abd ar-Rashid Khan II to flee; his brother Muhammad Imin Khan succeeds him

1690s

YearDateEvent
1693Muhammad Imin Khan invades the Dzungar Khanate but is overthrown by Afaq Khoja, whose son Yahiya Khoja is enthroned
1695Afaq Khoja and Yahiya Khoja are killed in a rebellion
1696Akbash Khan is enthroned but the begs of Kashgar refuse to acknowledge him. Dzungar troops are brought in by Akbash to enforce his rule. However the Dzungars install Mirza Alim Shah Beg; so ends the Yarkent Khanate and Chagatai rule

See also

References

  1. ↑ Atwood 2004, p. 445.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Atwood 2004, p. 81.
  3. ↑ Atwood 2004, p. 416.
  4. 1 2 3 Atwood 2004, p. 307.
  5. ↑ Atwood 2004, p. 82.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Atwood 2004, p. 83.
  7. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 411.
  8. ↑ Atwood 2004, p. 202.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Atwood 2004, p. 85.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Atwood 2004, p. 86.
  11. ↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 502.
  12. 1 2 Twitchett 1994, p. 503.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 1994, p. 504.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Atwood 2004, p. 87.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Grousset 1970, p. 343.
  16. ↑ Grousset 1970, p. 344.
  17. ↑ Grousset 1970, p. 345.
  18. 1 2 Grousset 1970, p. 411.
  19. ↑ Grousset 1970, p. 412.
  20. ↑ Grousset 1970, p. 422.
  21. ↑ Grousset 1970, p. 415.
  22. ↑ Grousset 1970, p. 423.
  23. 1 2 Grousset 1970, p. 416.
  24. ↑ Grousset 1970, p. 424.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Grousset 1970, p. 425.
  26. ↑ Grousset 1970, p. 426.
  27. ↑ Grousset 1970, p. 491.
  28. 1 2 Grousset 1970, p. 459.
  29. 1 2 Grousset 1970, p. 492.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Grousset 1970, p. 493.
  31. 1 2 3 Grousset 1970, p. 494.
  32. 1 2 3 Grousset 1970, p. 495.
  33. ↑ Baktygulov, Dzhumadil Sapalovich (1999). The history of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan from ancient times to the present day (in Russian). "Kyrgyzstan", "Mektep". ISBN 978-5-655-01273-8.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Grousset 1970, p. 496.
  35. 1 2 Grousset 1970, p. 497.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 Grousset 1970, p. 499.
  37. ↑ Adle 2003, p. 182.
  38. 1 2 Adle 2003, p. 184.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 Adle 2003, p. 183.
  40. 1 2 Grousset 1970, p. 500.
  41. 1 2 3 Adle 2003, p. 185.
  42. ↑ Grousset 1970, p. 501.
  43. 1 2 3 Adle 2003, p. 192.
  44. ↑ Adle 2003, p. 193.

Bibliography