Toyota Dynamic Force engine

The Toyota Dynamic Force engine is a family of internal combustion engines developed by Toyota under its Toyota New Global Architecture (TNGA) strategy. These I3, I4 and V6 engines can be operated with petrol (gasoline) or ethanol (flex-fuel) and can be combined with electric motors in a hybrid drivetrain. The engines were designed alongside the TNGA vehicle platforms as part of a company-wide effort to simplify the vehicles being produced by Toyota and Lexus. The series debuted in June 2017 with the A25A four-cylinder engine, introduced in the XV70 series Camry.

Overview

Dynamic Force was developed as an engine that is claimed to achieve both driving performance and environmental performance while pursuing high efficiency and low fuel consumption as well as having a "direct feeling, smooth and pleasant acceleration performance".

Specifically, the cylinder head and intake port design improves the tumble flow (longitudinal vortex) to increase the air intake volume–the majority of intake flow is across that portion of the valve closest to cylinder centreline. Other methods include:

  • Expansion of the valve clamping angle. The angle between intake and exhaust valve centreline is 41 degrees–the previous design was 31 degrees.[which?]
  • Hydraulic variable valve timing on both intake and exhaust camshafts.
  • Very high compression-moderated Atkinson cycle engine.
  • Longer stroke to bore ratio (under-square design).
  • Change of port end shape and expansion of seat inner diameter.
  • Application of updated D-4S (multi-hole injector) system to achieve "high-speed combustion", resulting in thermal efficiency over 40%.
  • Cylinder centreline is offset from crankshaft centreline, meaning that piston top dead center is always equivalent to several degrees of crankshaft rotation.

In development and production of the engine, Toyota claims it would be a "completely new engine design based on the TNGA strategy".

Previously, Toyota offered about 800 engine variants, most of which would be replaced with a much simpler lineup of 17 versions of nine Dynamic Force engines. Toyota is also simplifying its lineup of transmissions, hybrid systems, and all-wheel drive systems.

Starting with the four-cylinder A25A type installed in XV70 series Camry in June 2017, the V6 V35A and four-cylinder M20A types had also appeared. On 16 October 2019, the three-cylinder M15A type, which would be installed in the XP210 series Yaris (specifically designed for Japan, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand), was officially announced. On 12 June 2021, the first turbocharged four-cylinder model, named T24A, was introduced for the AZ20 series Lexus NX.

The Dynamic Force engines introduced an updated nomenclature system for Toyota engines and no longer employ the traditional iteration or generation of the engine followed by the one letter or two letter designation for the engine family (such as 5M-GE or 4GR-FE being from the M and GR engine families respectively) and instead incorporate the engine's displacement in between a two letter code such as the M20A, with the "20" denoting a 2.0-litre engine.

Common key technologies

  • High speed combustion technologies:
    • Long stroke (stroke/bore ≈ 1.2)
    • Wider angle between the intake and exhaust valve
    • High efficiency intake port with laser cladded valve seat
    • High compression ratio up to 14.0:1
    • High energy ignition coil
    • Updated D-4S system
    • Multi-hole direct injector
  • Variable cooling system:
    • Motor driven water pump
    • Heated thermostat
  • Continuous variable-capacity oil pump
  • Low viscosity engine oil
  • Water jacket spacer
  • Piston with laser pit skirt
  • Drilled passage between cylinder bores
  • VVT-iE
  • Small-concave-profile camshaft
  • Compact HLA
  • High strength connecting rod
  • High response intake air control
  • Fuel injection control (multi-injection)
  • Cylinder heads with built-in EGR cooler function
  • Updated catalyst
  • Change of exhaust manifold layout
  • Piston oil jet control

G16E

Main article: Toyota G16E engine

M15 family

The M15 engine family is a straight-three engine series that was first introduced in 2019 for the XP210 series Yaris.

M15A-FKS

The standard version with 13.0:1 compression ratio achieves 40% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

M15A-FXE

The hybrid version with 14.0:1 compression ratio achieves 41% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

M15B-FKS

Localized M15 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

  • 2021–present Corolla (MZEA11; China only)

M15C-FKS

Localized M15 series engine for China, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

  • 2021–present Levin (MZEA11)

M15D-FXE

The hybrid version produced in Jigani, Bangalore, India by Toyota Industries Engine India (TIEI).

Applications (calendar years):

M20 family

The M20 engine family is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2018 for the E210 series Corolla.

M20A-FKS

The standard version with 13.0:1 compression ratio achieves 40% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

M20A-FKB

The flex fuel E85 version with 13.0:1 compression ratio ethanol fuel capable.

Applications (calendar years):

M20A-FXS

The hybrid version with 14.0:1 compression ratio achieves 41% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

M20B-FXS

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the M20A-FXS engine, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

M20C-FKS

Localized M20 series engine for China, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

  • 2018–present C-HR (MAXA10; China only)
  • 2019–present Camry (MXVA71)
  • 2020–present Wildlander (MXAA54)
  • 2021–present Venza (MXUA85; China only)
  • 2021–present Levin GT (MZEA12)
  • 2022–present Frontlander (MXGA15)
  • 2023–present Camry (MXVA80L)

M20D-FKS

Localized M20 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

  • 2018–present RAV4 (MXAA52; China only)
  • 2019–present Avalon (MXXA50; China only)
  • 2021–present Harrier (MXUA80; China only)

M20E-FKS

Localized M20 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

M20F-FXS

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the M20A-FXS engine, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

M20G-FXS

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the M20A-FXS engine, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

S20A

The S20A engine is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2022 for the Chinese market Highlander / Crown Kluger.

S20A-FTS

"FTS" designates the turbocharged version of this engine.

Applications (calendar years):

A25 family

The A25 engine family is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2017 for the XV70 series Camry.

A25A-FKS

The standard version with 13.0:1 compression ratio achieves 40% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

A25A-FKB

Version used in Thailand with E85 ethanol fuel capable.

Applications (calendar years):

  • 2018–present Camry (AXVA70)

A25A-FXS

The hybrid version with 14.0:1 compression ratio achieves 41% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

A25B-FXS

This engine is only used on hybrid models in China. Similar to the A25A-FXS engine used in other markets.

Applications (calendar years):

A25C-FKS

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the A25A-FKS engine, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

A25D-FXS

Localized A25 series engine for China, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

A25F-FXS

Localized A25 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

A25G-FKS

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the A25A-FKS engine, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

  • 2019–present Avalon (AXXA50; China only)
  • 2019–present RAV4 (AXAA52; China only)
  • 2021–present Crown Kluger (AXUA71)

A25H-FXS

Localized A25 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

T24A

The T24A engine is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2021 for the AZ20 series Lexus NX.

T24A-FTS

The "T" in the engine feature suffix "-FTS" designates the turbocharged version of this engine. Toyota have been using it to replace the naturally-aspirated 2GR-FKS V6, offering more peak torque at lower speeds and improved fuel consumption and emissions with the turbo engine.

There also are two distinct hybrid variants which carry the same T24A-FTS engine designation as the regular (non-hybrid) variant. For transverse engine applications (marketed as "Dual Boost Hybrid System" in Japan and "Hybrid MAX" in North America), the hybrid engine drives the front wheels and is equipped with two electric motors: one starter-generator and one traction assist; a third electric motor driving the rear axle is provided with all-wheel drive as a power-split hybrid variant. For longitudinal engine applications (marketed as "i-FORCE MAX" in North America), a single traction assist/generator motor is sandwiched between the engine and transmission, taking the place of a conventional automatic transmission torque converter.

Applications (calendar years):

Hybrid MAX/Dual Boost transverse applications (calendar years):

i-FORCE MAX longitudinal hybrid applications (calendar years):

V35A

The V35A engine is a V6 engine series that was first introduced in 2017 for the XF50 series Lexus LS. Despite its "35" nomenclature and being advertised as a 3.5-litre engine, its actual displacement is 3.4 L (3,445 cc).

V35A-FTS

The twin-turbocharged version with 10.5:1 compression ratio. Pumping losses have been reduced by electrification of the waste gate of the twin turbo system. The engine achieves 37% thermal efficiency. A hybrid version (marketed as "i-FORCE MAX" in North America) is also available with the same engine designation as the regular variant.

The hybrid version was named Ward's World's 10 Best Engines list in 2022.

A number of customers have reported main bearing failures in 2022 and 2023 vehicles equipped with the V35A-FTS engine, with mileage as little as 40,000 km (25,000 miles).

Applications (calendar years):

i-FORCE MAX Hybrid applications (calendar years):

See also

References

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Uses material from the Wikipedia article Toyota Dynamic Force engine, released under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license.