Maskelynes language

Maskelynes
Maskelynes
Kuliviu, Uliveo
Native to	Vanuatu
Region	Malekula
Native speakers	(1,100 cited 2001)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Southern Oceanic North-Central Vanuatu Central Vanuatu Malakula Malakula Coastal Maskelynes; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	klv
Glottolog	mask1242
	Maskelynes is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Maskelynes (/ˈmæskəlɪns/), or Kuliviu (Uliveo), is an Oceanic language spoken on the Maskelyne Islands off south Malekula, Vanuatu.

Phonology

Maskelynes has twenty consonants and six vowel phonemes. Any vowel length is due to vowel clusters across morpheme breaks, and is not phonemic.

Consonants

		Labial		Coronal	Dorsal
		plain	labiovelarized	Coronal	Dorsal
Nasal		m	mʷ	n	ŋ
Plosive	unvoiced	p	pʷ	t̪	k
Plosive	voiced	ᵐb	ᵐbʷ	ⁿd̪	ᵑg
Fricative		β	βʷ	s	x~ɣ~ʀ
Approximant			w	l	j
Rhotic				r~ɾ

/ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑg/ are in free variation as unreleased [ᵐb̚, ⁿd̚, ᵑg̚] or unvoiced [p, t, k] word-finally or before a consonant
- /ᵑg/ is also in free variation as nasal [ŋ] word-finally, especially among young speakers
/ᵑg/ is realized as a voiceless [k] among some speakers, especially young
/p, pʷ, t/ are unreleased [p̚, p̚, t̚] word-finally or before a consonant (though /p/ has never been recorded before a consonant)
/mʷ, pʷ, ᵐbʷ, βʷ/ lose their labialization word-finally when not followed by a vowel and before /o, u/
- /ᵐbʷ/ is in free variation as trilled [ᵐʙ] (tapped [ᵐⱱ̟] in Peskarus) before /u/ and sometimes before /ə/
/βʷ/ is [β] before voiced consonants
/β, βʷ/ are [ɸ] before voiceless consonants and word-finally
/β/ is in free variation with [ɸ] for some speakers
/w, j/ are vocalic [u, i] when in nucleus following /e, a, o/

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u (u̥)
Mid	ɛ	ə	o
Open			ɑ

/i/ is near-close [ɪ] between front consonants
/ɛ/ is close-mid [e] word-finally
/ə/ is [ɵ] after labiovelarized consonants or before /xu̥/
/əj, əw/ are realised as single phones, [i, u]
/u/ is realised as front [y] between front consonants, and near-close [ʊ] when proceeded or preceded by back consonants
/o/ is front [ø] between front consonants

Voiceless vowel

A voiceless [u̥] occurs at the ends of words. It is uncertain if it is an allophone of /u/ or a separate phoneme

Phonotactics

Possible syllable structures in Maskelynes: (C/S)V(S)(C)

Orthography

Maskelynes alphabet
Letter	a	b	b̃	d	e	ǝ	g	h	i	k	l	m	m̃	n	ŋ	o	p	p̃	r	s	t	u	w	v	ṽ	w/u	y/i
IPA	ɑ	ᵐb	ᵐbʷ	ⁿd̪	ɛ	ə	ᵑɡ	x	i	k	l	m	mʷ	n	ŋ	o	p	pʷ	r	s	t̪	u	u̥	β	βʷ	w	j

Grammar

Verbs

The verbs of Maskelynes are agglutinative, mostly being modified by prefixes, though the stem of a verb can stand on its own. These prefixes encode for, in order of appearance in verb: 1. tense-aspect-modes; 2. subject, person and number; 3. various modes, including realis and irrealis; 4. two tense-modes; 5. reduplication. The object of a sentence is encoded by a suffix.

Examples of verbal agglutination:

sa-g-e-mun-i

PROH-2SG.SUBJ-IRR-drink-3SG.OBJ

Don't you drink it.

go-to-madha-mun-mun-i

2SG.SUBJ-REL-IMM.PST-ITER~drink-3SG.OBJ

You who just now kept drinking it

Reduplication

Reduplication in Maskelynes has various usages, and can encode for e.g. plurality, habituality, iterative aspect, etc.

References

↑ Maskelynes at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑ Healey 2013, p. 7.
↑ Healey 2013, pp. 14–15.
1 2 3 Healey 2013, p. 15.
↑ Healey 2013, p. 13.
↑ Healey 2013, p. 19.
1 2 3 Healey 2013, p. 17.
1 2 Healey 2013, pp. 18–19.
1 2 3 Healey 2013, p. 20.
1 2 Healey 2013, p. 21.
↑ Healey 2013, pp. 24–25.
↑ Healey 2013, p. 25.
↑ Healey 2013, Section 8.1: Verb morphology.
↑ Healey 2013, p. 181.
↑ Healey 2013, section 8.5: Reduplication.

External links

Bibliography

Healey, David S. (2013). A GRAMMAR OF MASKELYNES: THE LANGUAGE OF ULUVEU ISLAND, VANUATU (PDF) (PhD). University of the South Pacific. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-31. Retrieved 2020-05-31.

[e18-1] Maskelynes at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[FOOTNOTEHealey20137-2] Healey 2013, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTEHealey201314–15-3] Healey 2013, pp. 14–15.

[FOOTNOTEHealey201315-4] 1 2 3 Healey 2013, p. 15.

[FOOTNOTEHealey201313-5] Healey 2013, p. 13.

[FOOTNOTEHealey201319-6] Healey 2013, p. 19.

[FOOTNOTEHealey201317-7] 1 2 3 Healey 2013, p. 17.

[FOOTNOTEHealey201318–19-8] 1 2 Healey 2013, pp. 18–19.

[FOOTNOTEHealey201320-9] 1 2 3 Healey 2013, p. 20.

[FOOTNOTEHealey201321-10] 1 2 Healey 2013, p. 21.

[FOOTNOTEHealey201324–25-11] Healey 2013, pp. 24–25.

[FOOTNOTEHealey201325-12] Healey 2013, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTEHealey2013Section_8.1:_Verb_morphology-13] Healey 2013, Section 8.1: Verb morphology.

[FOOTNOTEHealey2013181-14] Healey 2013, p. 181.

[FOOTNOTEHealey2013section_8.5:_Reduplication-15] Healey 2013, section 8.5: Reduplication.