University of Michigan–Flint

University of Michigan-Flint
Former names
Flint Senior College of the University of Michigan (1956–64)
Flint College of the University of Michigan (1964–71)
MottoArtes, Scientia, Veritas
Motto in English
Arts, Knowledge, Truth
TypePublic
Established1956; 70 years ago (1956)
Parent institution
University of Michigan Board of Regents
AccreditationHLC
Academic affiliations
CUMU
Endowment$150 million (2021)
Budget$151 million (2026-27)
ChancellorLaurence B. Alexander
PresidentDomenico Grasso
ProvostAbby Parrill-Baker
Faculty474
Administrative staff
518
Students7,124
Undergraduates5,539
Postgraduates1,585
Location
Flint, Michigan
,
U.S.

43°01′07″N 83°41′19″W / 43.0185°N 83.6887°W / 43.0185; -83.6887
Campus
  • Urban
NewspaperThe Michigan Times
Colors    Maize and blue
Nicknames
  • Wolverines
  • The Victors (unofficial)
Websiteumflint.edu

The University of Michigan–Flint (UM-Flint) is a public university in Flint, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1956 as the Flint Senior College, it was initially established as a remote branch of the University of Michigan, offering upper-division undergraduate courses. The institution developed into a fully-fledged university and received accreditation in 1970. Subsequently, the name was changed to the University of Michigan–Flint. It continues to adhere to the policies of the University of Michigan Board of Regents without having a separate governing board.

UM-Flint is one of the five doctoral/professional universities in the state of Michigan. Together with Oakland University, the University of Michigan–Dearborn, and Wayne State University, UM-Flint is one of the four Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities (CUMU) members in the State of Michigan.

The university's student-athletes compete in intramural and club sports as the Michigan-Flint Wolverines. Notable alumni include former United States Senator Donald Riegle, Oscar-winning film director Michael Moore, who was an editor for the student newspaper The Michigan Times, and former Flint Mayor Woodrow Stanley.

History

Mayor C.S. Mott, the father of the university, whose pledge in 1946 enabled its establishment

Flint Senior College (1956–1964)

Former Flint mayor C.S. Mott first suggested bringing a full university to Flint in a meeting with then-President Alexander Ruthven in 1946. Mott pledged to give $1 million to the project if the voters would pass a $7 million bond issue. The University of Michigan initially opposed Mott's idea but, ultimately, agreed to create the Flint Senior College of the University of Michigan as an extension of the existing Flint Junior College (now Mott Community College), while the colleges remained separate institutions.

For a number of years, the college shared the Court Street campus with Flint Junior College. This campus was part of the Flint Cultural Center with major donations from many Flint business leaders. Original donors included the Sponsors Fund of Flint and William Ballenger. The first building constructed in 1954 was The Ballenger Field House. The Mott Memorial Building, built on additional 6.25 acres donated by C. S. Mott, opened in August 1957, became the main academic building for the Flint Senior College, and included a library that served both colleges.

In February 1956, David M. French was named the first dean of the Flint Senior College. The official opening ceremonies were held in the field house on September 23, 1956.: 144  The college began classes in 1956 with 118 full-time and 49 part-time students. Degrees were offered in liberal arts and sciences and in the professional fields of education and business administration. The college's first class graduated in 1958. From 1958 to 1964, the junior/senior student population grew very modestly and the admissions standards were kept high.: 147–148 

Independent proposal and the four-year Flint College (1964–1971)

From 1963 to 1964, studies were commissioned to explore the possibility of transforming Flint Senior College into a four-year institution. Subsequently, the Michigan State Board of Education recommended that the college transition into an autonomous four-year institution, phasing out the University of Michigan's involvement in Flint. This proposal was part of a broader statewide trend to grant independence to branch campuses, similar to the transition of Oakland University from Michigan State University during the same period. Proponents of the proposal argued that full independence would enable the college to better serve its academic community with its own governing board. However, the proposal faced opposition from C.S. Mott, who threatened to withdraw his pledged support. As a result, the independent proposal was abandoned, and the institution was restructured as a four-year college under the University of Michigan's board in 1964, subsequently renamed Flint College of the University of Michigan. From 1965 to 1971, the student population at the Flint College increased substantially, reaching 2,000 in 1971, along with the trends towards more women, more minority, and more unmarried younger students.: 147, 232 

University of Michigan–Flint (1971–present)

In 1970, Flint College received its own accreditation independent from the main campus in Ann Arbor, from the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. In March 1971, the Regents named William E. Moran as the first chancellor and then a month later officially changed the name of the institution to the University of Michigan-Flint, both effective July 1, 1971.

The community and city assisted UM–Flint in acquiring 42 acres along the Flint River. $5 million over five years was pledged towards a new campus in 1972 by the C.S. Mott Foundation. During September 1972, sixteen temporary buildings were erected to ease campus overcrowding, pressuring the Regents to move UM-Flint to the 42 acres along the Flint River.

Willson Park at the University of Michigan–Flint

On September 1, 1973, the Regents passed the designs for the first Class Room and Office Building (CROB) by Sedgewick-Sellers & Associates, originally planned for a site at Lapeer Road and Court Street. Instead, a new master plan had CROB as the first building on the newly acquired 42 acres along the Flint River. Meanwhile, the university acquired the Ross House and the Hubbard Building. The ground breaking ceremony of CROB was held on May 9, 1974, at the Willson Park bandstand. In 1975, UM-Flint separated the School of Management from the liberal arts and education, which was named the College of Arts and Sciences, each with a dean. Construction of CROB and the Central Energy Plant ended in 1977. CROB, with the library moved into its 5th floor and a theatre, was dedicated March 1977, later renamed the David M. French Hall in 2001. In 1979, the original Harrison Street Halo Burger location was vacated to make way for UM-Flint parking, and the Harding Mott University Center (UCen) was finished that same year.

The phyiscal therapy program was moved in 1982 from the Ann Arbor campus to the Flint campus and was housed in the Surge Building. UM-Flint then formed the School of Health Sciences and received regental approval in March 1982 to renovate the Mott Memorial Building, where UM-Flint's science departments were located, for updated science laboratories to support the physical therapy program. The Recreation Center was added that year to the riverfront campus.

William S. Murchie Science Building was completed in 1988.

In 2001, UM-Flint expanded north for the first time with the opening of the William S. White Building which houses health classrooms and labs. Today, the modern and inviting campus spans over 70 acres along the Flint River.

Ground was broken In 2024 on phase one of a new Innovation and Technology Complex. Featuring 14,000 sq. ft. of state-of-the-art instructional laboratories designed to encourage collaboration and interdisciplinary research, the complex will support existing STEM pathways and forthcoming academic degrees in artificial intelligence, smart manufacturing, human-centered design, and electrical & computer engineering, among others.

As a community partner, the university has, over time, acquired existing buildings throughout the downtown area and turned them into viable parts of the campus. These spaces include the University Pavilion, the Northbank Center, and The Riverfront Conference Center.

Today, five major academic units, consisting of the College of Arts & Sciences, the School of Management, the College of Health Sciences, the School of Nursing, and the College of Innovation & Technology are housed within the university.

Campus

University Pavilion
Exterior view at sunset (July 2018)
Former namesWater Street Pavilion (1985–1990)
General information
StatusOperational (defunct as a festival marketplace)
Type
LocationFlint, Michigan, United States, 303 Saginaw Street, 48502
Completed
1985
Opened
  • June 27, 1985; 41 years ago (1985-06-27) (as Water Street Pavilion)
  • After June 1993; about 30 years ago (as University Pavilion)
Renovated
  • Early 1990s
  • June 2015
  • September 2018
ClosedSeptember 1990; 36 years ago (September 1990) (converted into University Pavilion)
OwnerUniversity of Michigan-Flint
OperatorUniversity of Michigan–Flint
Technical details
Floor count2
Floor area100,000 square feet (9,300 m2)
Design and construction
ArchitectMort Hoppenfeld
DeveloperJames W. Rouse and the Enterprise Development Co.
Renovating team
Renovating firmUM-Flint
Main contractor
  • Niles Construction
  • Bennings Painting
Other information
Number of stores60+ (at peak)

The University Pavilion (UPAV) at University of Michigan-Flint is a central campus housing key student services, including Admissions, Financial Aid, and Academic Advising.

The building was formerly known as the Water Street Pavilion, a festival marketplace in Flint, Michigan, that failed and closed after only five years in operation. It was developed by the Enterprise Development Company (EDC), a for-profit subsidiary of the non-profit Enterprise Foundation, founded by James W. Rouse in 1982 after he retired from the Rouse Company as CEO in 1979. The EDC was founded specifically to bring Rouse's festival marketplace concept to smaller cities, including Flint. The Water Street Pavilion was intended to revitalize Flint, and it was licensed and consulted by the Columbia, Maryland-based Rouse Company.

The mall cost $15.75 million to develop, and featured 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of retail and dining space, adjacent to the Flint River. Despite the name Water Street Pavilion, it is not on Water Street, but rather is named after it. Its name is also a reference to the Harborplace pavilions in Baltimore with similar names, specifically the Pratt and Light Street Pavilions. It once housed over 60 local tenants, but the majority of them closed in the late 1980s, alongside the failing Six Flags AutoWorld. It was famously featured in Michael Moore's Roger & Me in 1989 as a symbol of failed development, as it was an attempt to bring a specialized retail genre that required massive tourism to survive long-term, which Flint did not have at the time of the Water Street Pavilion's development. As a result of the mall's failure, James Rouse and the EDC pulled out of the project in January 1990 and began closing down the center. The pavilion permanently closed its doors as a festival marketplace in September 1990. The University of Michigan Board of Regents approved a plan to take over operations.

In 1991, UM-Flint took possession of the Water Street Pavilion, keeping restaurants there while moving in administrative offices. The Flint Downtown Development Authority officially sold the property to UM-Flint for $60,000. The university subsequently invested $3 million to fully renovate and adapt the building into University Pavilion. The library moved to its own building in 1994, with the completion of the Frances Willson Thompson Library. The 25-acre (10 ha) site across the river on the north side was acquired in 1997. Northbank Center was acquired in 1998.

Starting on June 2, 2015, UM–Flint initiated a "Going Blue" renovation on University Pavilion by new chancellor Susan E. Borrego, who made a cake replica of the building. The campaign involved painting the entire steel structure, the adjacent outdoor ice rink, the rink annex, and the connected parking garage in the university's signature colors, Maize and Blue, stripping away the original teal-and-white color scheme Rouse used. Massive, official "University of Michigan-Flint" signs were mounted on the exterior facing Kearsley Street to make the building instantly recognizable to visitors, and the iconic downtown corner clock tower at Kearsley and Saginaw Streets was completely refurbished and updated to match the new campus aesthetic by local firms Niles Construction and Bennings Painting. The renovation was done to celebrate the building's 30th anniversary, with UM–Flint pointing out that they "took a lemon off the hands of the city, and made lemonade for downtown."

While University Pavilion is no longer a festival marketplace, some of its businesses as of February 2019 include Barnes & Noble University Bookstore, Subway, Jilly's Pizza, Sportlite Grill, Shawarma Bite, and O'Blendz. The University Pavilion was renovated in September 2018, which involved removing the escalators due to costly maintenance, and it creates more open space for the dining area. The roof of the pavilion has also been refurbished to add new walking paths for workers and others in the area. Signs were also added to navigate people to the stairwells.

Organization

Northbank Center of University of Michigan–Flint located at 432 North Saginaw Street

Administration

UM–Flint, historically a branch of the University of Michigan, has operated under the policies of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan since its accreditation in 1970. The Board of Regents, as the governing body, is responsible for the appointment of the university president, who presides over the Board's meetings but does not have voting rights. Instead of directly managing the university's operations, the university president recommends the appointment of a chancellor, who is subject to approval by the Board of Regents and is tasked with overseeing the day-to-day administrative duties of the university as its chief executive officer.

In contrast to the dean of the Flint College, who reported to the Ann Arbor vice president for academic affairs, the chancellor of UM-Flint reports to the president and is in charge of a campus, not a college.: 245 

List of chancellors

Faculty governance

The UM-Flint faculty governance is part of a central faculty governance which provides the structure for shared governance at the University of Michigan. Through its three bodies: Senate Advisory Committee on University Affairs (SACUA), Senate Assembly and Faculty Senate, faculty are represented and contribute to a collective voice concerning institutional policies and other matters of campus, and universitywide, concern. UM-Flint has four representatives to the Senate Assembly, which has 77 members representing all U-M campuses.

Finances

The university's FY 2022–23 operating budget of $141.7 million has four major sources of funding: the General Fund ($116.5 million), the Expendable Restricted Funds ($20.7 million), the Auxiliary Funds ($4 million), and the Designated Funds ($480,000). The Office of Budget and Planning reports that student tuition and fees are the largest funding source, contributing $90.8 million to the General Fund, which accounts for 64.07% of the total operating budget. In the fiscal year 2022–23, the State of Michigan provided $25.2 million to the university, which represents 17.79% of its total operating budget. Revenue from government sponsored programs contributed $14.5 million to the Expendable Restricted Funds, accounting for 10.23% of the total operating budget.

Schools and colleges

The university's schools and colleges include the College of Arts, Sciences and Education (CASE), College of Health Sciences (CHS), College of Innovation and Technology (CIT), School of Management (SOM) and School of Nursing (SON).

College/school Year
founded		 Enrollment
(Fall 2025)
College of Arts, Sciences and Education 19552,198
College of Health Sciences 19821,233
College of Innovation and Technology 20211,056
School of Management 19751,336
School of Nursing 20161,301
TOTAL ENROLLMENT  – 7,124

Academics

Programs

The university offers 183 areas of study, including 43 graduate programs in the form of master’s, doctoral and PhD offerings. There are also 23 joint bachelor’s and graduate degree options and 15 dual graduate degrees. A variety of fully online degrees are also available, including 15 bachelor’s and 20 master’s degrees, three doctoral degree programs, and four completion programs.

Popular undergraduate programs include nursing, psychology, social work, business administration and health sciences. On the graduate side, nursing, doctor of physical therapy, master of business administration, doctor of nurse anesthesia, and doctor of business administration are leaders in student interest and enrollment.

Accreditation

UM-Flint is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) of Colleges and Schools. Program-level accreditation is maintained by many programs in affiliation with: the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, the American Chemical Society, Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs, the Association to Advance Collegiate School of Business – International, Association of University Programs in Health Administration, the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education, Commission on Accreditation in Respiratory Care, the Commission of Collegiate Nursing Education, the Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education, the Council on Accreditation for Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs, the Council on Social Work Education, the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology, Michigan Department of Education, the National Association for the Education of Young Children and the National Association of Schools of Music.

Employment outcomes

According to the U.S. Department of Education's College Scorecard, graduates of the University of Michigan-Flint have median earnings of $65,600. The College Scorecard also reports median earnings by field of study, with graduate programs in nursing and business and undergraduate programs in computer science, nursing and engineering among the university's highest-earning disciplines.

Student life

On-campus housing

In November 2004, the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan approved the request of the Flint Campus to explore the feasibility of student housing. After several assessments, studies, and surveys showing the probable progression of growth of the campus, student housing was approved. The first-ever student dormitory, the First Street Residence Hall, opened to students in fall 2008.

In December 2015, Uptown Reinvestment Corporation donated the Riverfront Residence Hall, a privately owned high-rise building that houses both UM-Flint and Baker College students, to the university. The 16-story Residence Hall can house up to 500 students.

Student organizations

There are over 100 recognized student organizations and seven Sponsored Student Organizations (SSOs). They are organizations for various academic departments, religions and cultural backgrounds, as well as organizations for honors, club sports, social fraternities and sororities, service groups, and special interests.

University sponsored organizations include:

Greek life

The university is home to several fraternities and sororities:

Radio station

The school owns WFUM (91.1 FM), a public radio station affiliated with the Michigan Radio network.

Student newspaper

The Michigan Times is a student-run campus newspaper at the University of Michigan–Flint, founded in 1959 and casually called "The M-Times" on campus. Notable former staff includes filmmaker Michael Moore and American Idol finalist LaKisha Jones. For most of its history, it was published weekly and distributed free of charge on campus and in the Flint area. In March 2024 it was announced that The Michigan Times was "sunsetting" and would cease operations due to dwindling student interest. After a call to revive the paper, the university formed an exploratory committee to find sustainable ways to bring it back. In January 2026, the paper resumed operations and experienced renewed student and community engagement. In spring 2026, it published its first print edition since its closure and, for the first time, partnered with The Michigan Daily and The Michigan Journal to help produce the first-ever tri-campus edition.

Under the new model, The Michigan Times no longer functions as a Sponsored Student Organization (SSO) but is now part of the College of Arts, Science and Education, within the Language & Communications department.

The Qua Literary & Fine Arts Magazine is the student-run literary and arts publication at the University of Michigan-Flint. It accepts submissions in fiction, poetry, creative nonfiction, and visual arts each semester, compiling them into a magazine distributed on campus and in the community. It is also housed within the Language & Communications department.

Student government

The University of Michigan–Flint Student Government represents the students and manages student funds on the campus. Student Government is a member of the statewide Association of Michigan Universities.

Athletics

The University of Michigan-Flint currently offers eight club sports. Club sports are university-sponsored, student-run organizations that compete against other colleges and universities in various state, regional, and national contests.

Club sports include:

UM-Flint’s men’s club hockey was promoted to ACHA Division I and joined the Great Lakes Collegiate Hockey League for the 2025-26 season. In 2026-2027, they will compete in ACHA Division I and Division III and will have its largest recruiting class in program history.

UM-Flint esports program recently expanded to 15 teams, competing across 11 games and leagues. In 2025-2026, esports had a record five teams compete in national championship finals.

The University of Michigan-Flint is currently pursuing the launch of intercollegiate athletics at the NAIA level, competing in the Wolverine Hoosier Athletic Conference.  

Notable faculty and alumni

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Three-peat: UM-Flint fall enrollment continues climb for third consecutive year". Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  2. ↑ UM-Flint Brand Toolkit – University of Michigan-Flint (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 9, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
  3. ↑ Mostafavi, Beata (September 22, 2008). "Sports talk at University of Michigan-Flint sparks more mascot consideration". Flint Journal. Flint, Michigan: Booth Newspapers. Archived from the original on May 17, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
  4. ↑ Shoup, Allison (April 25, 2008). "'Victors' not yet a sure thing". The Michigan Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
  5. ↑ "The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education". Indiana University Bloomington's Center for Postsecondary Research. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Schuch, Sarah. "From dirt to dorms: UM-Flint still growing 40 years after historic groundbreaking". The Flint Journal. Mlive Media Group. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  7. ↑ Ugorowski, Mike (1998). "Evolution of a Library". mcc.edu. Retrieved October 17, 2026.
  8. ↑ UM-Flint. "Timeline and History". Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Campbell, Sharon Ann Claus (1973). "A History Of The Development Of The Flint And Dearborn Branches Of The University Of Michigan". deepblue.lib.umich.edu. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI: Ph.D. Thesis. PDF available
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Thomas Gnagey, Laurel (October 2, 2006). "Flint campus is 50 years young". University Record. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Weller, Krysten (September 21, 2006). "University of Michigan-Flint celebrates its 50th anniversary". The Grand Blanc View. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  12. ↑ "The Proceedings of the Board of Regents". regents.umich.edu. Volume: Jul 1969–Jun 1972; Page: 903 (March 1971); Page: 925 (April 1971).
  13. 1 2 Emery, Amanda (October 20, 2016). "University of Michigan-Flint campus to add nursing school". Flint Journal. Mlive Media Group. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
  14. ↑ Christy Ryan (April 21, 2008). "Halo Burger reluctant to leave in fall". Michigan Times. Flint, Michigan: University of Michigan-Flint. Archived from the original (shtml) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Schuch, Sarah (October 16, 2015). "What to know about UM-Flint buying portion of historic Flint bank building". Flint Journal. Mlive Media Group. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  16. ↑ "School of Health Sciences established". regents.umich.edu. The Proceedings of the Board of Regents, Volume: Jul 1981–Jun 1984; Page: 347-348.
  17. ↑ King, Robb (November 27, 2023). "UM-Flint to receive multimillion-dollar investment from the state to construct an innovation & technology complex". UM-Flint NOW. Retrieved July 15, 2026.
  18. ↑ "History". University of Michigan-Flint. Retrieved July 8, 2026.
  19. ↑
  20. ↑ "The Rouse Company's subsidiaries". Retrieved February 14, 2026.
  21. 1 2 "30 years later: Former Water Street Pavilion". MLive. Retrieved December 26, 2025.
  22. ↑ "After the festival is over" (PDF). PublicMarketDevelopment.
  23. 1 2 3 "Adaptive reuse: Flint's Water Street Pavilion". Modern Cities. Retrieved December 26, 2025.
  24. ↑ "UM-Flint's University Pavilion to "Go Blue"". University of Michigan–Flint News. June 1, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2026.
  25. ↑ "New additions and upgrades at UM-Flint". UM-Flint News. September 4, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2026.
  26. ↑ "Laurence Alexander recommended as UM‑Flint chancellor | the University Record".
  27. 1 2 3 4 "Fiscal Year 2022–2023 U-M Budget" (PDF). obp.umich.edu. Office of Budget and Planning. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
  28. ↑ "Campus Statistics - General Student Body". umflint.edu. UM-Flint Institutional Analysis. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  29. ↑ HLC. "HLC Accreditation". Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  30. ↑ ABET. "ABET-Accredited Programs". Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  31. ↑ AACSB. "AACSB Accreditation". Retrieved December 22, 2008.
  32. ↑ APTA. "APTA Accreditation". Archived from the original on November 30, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
  33. ↑ AANA. "AANA Accreditation". Archived from the original on May 17, 2009. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
  34. ↑ CSWE. "CSWE Accreditation". Retrieved December 22, 2008.
  35. ↑ JRCERT. "JRCERT Accreditation". Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
  36. ↑ NASM. "NASM Accreditation". Archived from the original on May 16, 2009. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
  37. ↑ "School Profile | College Scorecard". collegescorecard.ed.gov. Retrieved July 14, 2026.
  38. ↑ "Student Housing Groundbreaking". Archived from the original on March 4, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  39. ↑ Adams, Dominic (December 18, 2015). "U-M Flint aims to grow international enrollment with Riverfront donation". MLive.com. MLive Media Group. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  40. ↑ "Fraternity and Sorority Life". Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  41. ↑ "Alumna Erin Darke Finds Success on Stage and Screen". UM-Flint. June 16, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  42. ↑ Mark Deming (2014). "Michael Moore". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  43. ↑ "Donald W. Riegle, Jr Archives". Biography. University of Michigan-Flint. Archived from the original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  44. ↑ "Marietta S. Robinson". Biography. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  45. ↑ http://libguides.umflint.edu/johnsinclair[permanent dead link]
  46. ↑ "Meet Tim Sneller" Archived November 9, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. housedems.com, November 9, 2019.