VR-RNA

In molecular biology, VR-RNA is a small RNA produced by Clostridium perfringens. It functions as a regulator of the two-component VirR/VirS system.

VR-RNA regulates numerous genes including:

Toxin-encoding genes plc, colA and cpb2
Other virulence-related genes such as hyaluronidases and sialidase
Possible collagen adhesin gene (cna)
Extracellular nuclease, cadA
Enzymes such as Acid phosphatase, Heme oxygenase HemO and N-acetylglucosaminidases
Genes encoding transport proteins
Genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism
Genes encoding transport proteins
Arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway genes
Genes involved in citrate metabolism

VR-RNA regulates the toxin colA (collagenase) by base-pairing to colA mRNA, the 3′ end of VR-RNA base-pairs to a region in the 5′UTR of the colA mRNA. This induces cleavage of the colA mRNA in the 5′ UTR and leads to stabilisation of the mRNA and increased translation.

References

↑ Shimizu, T; Yaguchi, H; Ohtani, K; Banu, S; Hayashi, H (Jan 2002). "Clostridial VirR/VirS regulon involves a regulatory RNA molecule for expression of toxins". Molecular Microbiology. 43 (1): 257–265. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02743.x. PMID 11849553.
↑ Ohtani, K; Kawsar, HI; Okumura, K; Hayashi, H; Shimizu, T (May 16, 2003). "The VirR/VirS regulatory cascade affects transcription of plasmid-encoded putative virulence genes in Clostridium perfringens strain 13". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 222 (1): 137–141. doi:10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00255-6. PMID 12757957.
↑ Shimizu, T; Yaguchi, H; Ohtani, K; Banu, S; Hayashi, H (Jan 2002). "Clostridial VirR/VirS regulon involves a regulatory RNA molecule for expression of toxins". Molecular Microbiology. 43 (1): 257–265. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02743.x. PMID 11849553.
↑ Ohtani, K; Kawsar, HI; Okumura, K; Hayashi, H; Shimizu, T (May 16, 2003). "The VirR/VirS regulatory cascade affects transcription of plasmid-encoded putative virulence genes in Clostridium perfringens strain 13". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 222 (1): 137–141. doi:10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00255-6. PMID 12757957.
↑ Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID 19835966.
↑ Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID 19835966.
↑ Ohtani, K; Kawsar, HI; Okumura, K; Hayashi, H; Shimizu, T (May 16, 2003). "The VirR/VirS regulatory cascade affects transcription of plasmid-encoded putative virulence genes in Clostridium perfringens strain 13". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 222 (1): 137–141. doi:10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00255-6. PMID 12757957.
↑ Okumura, K; Kawsar, HI; Shimizu, T; Ohta, T; Hayashi, H; Shimizu, T (Jan 15, 2005). "Identification and characterization of a cell-wall anchored DNase gene in Clostridium perfringens". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 242 (2): 281–285. doi:10.1016/j.femsle.2004.11.019. PMID 15621449.
↑ Wang, R; Ohtani, K; Wang, Y; Yuan, Y; Hassan, S; Shimizu, T (Jan 2010). "Genetic and biochemical analysis of a class C non-specific acid phosphatase (NSAP) of Clostridium perfringens". Microbiology. 156 (Pt 1): 167–173. doi:10.1099/mic.0.030395-0. PMID 19833778.
↑ Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID 19835966.
↑ Hassan, S; Ohtani, K; Wang, R; Yuan, Y; Wang, Y; Yamaguchi, Y; Shimizu, T (Feb 2010). "Transcriptional regulation of hemO encoding heme oxygenase in Clostridium perfringens". Journal of Microbiology (Seoul, Korea). 48 (1): 96–101. doi:10.1007/s12275-009-0384-3. PMID 20221736. S2CID 25990716.
↑ Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID 19835966.
↑ Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID 19835966.
↑ Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID 19835966.
↑ Yuan, Y; Ohtani, K; Yoshizawa, S; Shimizu, T (Feb 2012). "Complex transcriptional regulation of citrate metabolism in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 18 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.09.004. PMID 21945821.
↑ Yuan, Y; Ohtani, K; Yoshizawa, S; Shimizu, T (Feb 2012). "Complex transcriptional regulation of citrate metabolism in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 18 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.09.004. PMID 21945821.
↑ Obana, N; Shirahama, Y; Abe, K; Nakamura, K (Sep 2010). "Stabilization of Clostridium perfringens collagenase mRNA by VR-RNA-dependent cleavage in 5′ leader sequence". Molecular Microbiology. 77 (6): 1416–1428. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07258.x. PMID 20572941.

[1] Shimizu, T; Yaguchi, H; Ohtani, K; Banu, S; Hayashi, H (Jan 2002). "Clostridial VirR/VirS regulon involves a regulatory RNA molecule for expression of toxins". Molecular Microbiology. 43 (1): 257–265. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02743.x. PMID 11849553.

[2] Ohtani, K; Kawsar, HI; Okumura, K; Hayashi, H; Shimizu, T (May 16, 2003). "The VirR/VirS regulatory cascade affects transcription of plasmid-encoded putative virulence genes in Clostridium perfringens strain 13". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 222 (1): 137–141. doi:10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00255-6. PMID 12757957.

[3] Shimizu, T; Yaguchi, H; Ohtani, K; Banu, S; Hayashi, H (Jan 2002). "Clostridial VirR/VirS regulon involves a regulatory RNA molecule for expression of toxins". Molecular Microbiology. 43 (1): 257–265. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02743.x. PMID 11849553.

[4] Ohtani, K; Kawsar, HI; Okumura, K; Hayashi, H; Shimizu, T (May 16, 2003). "The VirR/VirS regulatory cascade affects transcription of plasmid-encoded putative virulence genes in Clostridium perfringens strain 13". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 222 (1): 137–141. doi:10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00255-6. PMID 12757957.

[5] Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID 19835966.

[6] Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID 19835966.

[7] Ohtani, K; Kawsar, HI; Okumura, K; Hayashi, H; Shimizu, T (May 16, 2003). "The VirR/VirS regulatory cascade affects transcription of plasmid-encoded putative virulence genes in Clostridium perfringens strain 13". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 222 (1): 137–141. doi:10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00255-6. PMID 12757957.

[8] Okumura, K; Kawsar, HI; Shimizu, T; Ohta, T; Hayashi, H; Shimizu, T (Jan 15, 2005). "Identification and characterization of a cell-wall anchored DNase gene in Clostridium perfringens". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 242 (2): 281–285. doi:10.1016/j.femsle.2004.11.019. PMID 15621449.

[9] Wang, R; Ohtani, K; Wang, Y; Yuan, Y; Hassan, S; Shimizu, T (Jan 2010). "Genetic and biochemical analysis of a class C non-specific acid phosphatase (NSAP) of Clostridium perfringens". Microbiology. 156 (Pt 1): 167–173. doi:10.1099/mic.0.030395-0. PMID 19833778.

[10] Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID 19835966.

[11] Hassan, S; Ohtani, K; Wang, R; Yuan, Y; Wang, Y; Yamaguchi, Y; Shimizu, T (Feb 2010). "Transcriptional regulation of hemO encoding heme oxygenase in Clostridium perfringens". Journal of Microbiology (Seoul, Korea). 48 (1): 96–101. doi:10.1007/s12275-009-0384-3. PMID 20221736. S2CID 25990716.

[12] Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID 19835966.

[13] Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID 19835966.

[14] Ohtani, K; Hirakawa, H; Tashiro, K; Yoshizawa, S; Kuhara, S; Shimizu, T (Jun 2010). "Identification of a two-component VirR/VirS regulon in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 16 (3): 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.10.003. PMID 19835966.

[15] Yuan, Y; Ohtani, K; Yoshizawa, S; Shimizu, T (Feb 2012). "Complex transcriptional regulation of citrate metabolism in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 18 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.09.004. PMID 21945821.

[16] Yuan, Y; Ohtani, K; Yoshizawa, S; Shimizu, T (Feb 2012). "Complex transcriptional regulation of citrate metabolism in Clostridium perfringens". Anaerobe. 18 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.09.004. PMID 21945821.

[17] Obana, N; Shirahama, Y; Abe, K; Nakamura, K (Sep 2010). "Stabilization of Clostridium perfringens collagenase mRNA by VR-RNA-dependent cleavage in 5′ leader sequence". Molecular Microbiology. 77 (6): 1416–1428. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07258.x. PMID 20572941.

VR-RNA

See also

References