Virgin Hills Formation

Virgin Hills Formation
Virgin Hills Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Devonian (Frasnian to Famennian) 382.31–358.86 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Lo. P Emsian Ei. Gi. Fras. Fam.
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Fairfield Group
Underlies	Bugle Gap Limestone, Piker Hills Formation
Overlies	Gogo Formation, Sadler Limestone
Lithology
Primary	Limestone
Other	Sandstone
Location
Location	Kimberley, Western Australia
Coordinates	18°44′02″S 126°05′13″E / 18.734°S 126.087°E (Casey Falls)
Region	Western Australia
Country	Australia
Extent	Canning Basin
	Virgin Hills Formation (Australia) Virgin Hills Formation (Western Australia)

The Virgin Hills Formation is a geologic formation dating to the Late Devonian epoch, specifically the Frasnian and Famennian stages. It is located in the Kimberley of Western Australia. The formation represents inter-reef facies deposited as a section of an extensive reef system that fringed the south-west Kimberley Block of what is now Western Australia. Its rocks record a wide range of animals, particularly ammonoids, conodonts and trilobites, and it additionally records the Kellwasser extinction event at the Frasnian–Famennian border, showcasing the disappearance of much of the indigenous life, before their replacement by newcomers from outside the Canning Basin.

Biochronology and Stratigraphy

Conodont Zones

Each species is sorted into time-correlated conodont zones, which is a common method of establishing specific biostratigraphic zones in many formations. As seen in the table below, the zones with only number codes are Frasnian in age, and the ones with only conodont species names are Famennian in age, although both do have conodont names.

McWhae Ridge
- Eastern
  - Calyx Corner (13b)
  - Casey Falls (WCB 357) (southeastern) (13b–rhomboidea)
  - Phacopid Gully (13a, 13b)
  - Scutelluid Bed (12)
  - Berigora Gully (12)
  - Esko's Gully (12)
- Western
  - Cheiloceras Bed (rhomboidea)
  - Frutexites Bed (Lower–Middle crepida)
  - Upper Beloceras Bed (13a)
  - Lower Beloceras Bed (12)
Bugle Gap (11)
- Windy Knolls (WCB 369) (11–13a)
Horse Spring (WCB 364) (6–11, 12, 13b)
Siphon Spring (12)

One should not tie conodont zones to localities as indivisible units, and instead as two separate parts that are used together. This is because, first, some localities, such as Horse Spring in zones 6–11, 12, and 13b, skipping 13a, can occur in non-contiguous conodont zones. Second, as mentioned before, conodont zones are time-based and are used globally, while the localities are stratigraphically based and specific to the Virgin Hills Formation. If in the Localities column and a cell for example says 'McWhae Ridge (Base, etc.,)', that means one of the localities is an unspecified part of the McWhae area. This also applies if it simply says 'McWhae Ridge' without any specific localities, and this also applies to Bugle Gap, which has the locality 'Windy Knolls', and can also be referred to without a specified locality. It should also be noted that the Casey Falls locality occurs within both Virgin Hills and the overlying Bugle Gap Limestone (not to be confused with the Bugle Gap locality of the Virgin Hills Formation).

Ammonoid Zones and Correlation

In regard to ammonoids, they have been designated to a more precise biochronological order in the form of zones and subzones, most of which are named after one of the ammonoids found there, although many of them are not endemic to that particular zone. This spans the entire Canning Basin, including the Napier and Gogo Formations, but in the Virgin Hills Formation the zones begin at UD I-E1 (UD standing for Upper Devonian, though it is optimal to omit this part) and conclude at III-C. These have been mapped to conodont zones, making it possible to convert ammonoid zones to conodont zones. However, vice versa is not fully possible, as conodont zones are generally broader and can span multiple ammonoid zones. Note that [ur] means low diversity upper range zone, which is defined by the extinction of several species. A collapsed table below displays this biostratigraphical mapping.

Correlation of Ammonoid and Conodont Zonation (Canning Basin)
Stage	Substage	German Ages	Key	Ammonoid Zones	Ammonoid Subzones	Conodont Zones
Famennian	Upper	Hembergian	III-C	Protactoclymenia euryomphala	N/A	trachytera Zone
			III-B3	Falcitornoceras sp. M [ur]		trachytera Zone
			III-B3	Falcitornoceras sp. M [ur]		Uppermost marginifera Zone
			III-B2	Pseudoclymenia australis	Pseudoclymenia australis
			III-B1	Pseudoclymenia australis	Sporadoceras angustisellatum
			III-A2	Sporadoceras equale	Pernoceras delepinei	Upper marginifera Zone
	Middle		III-A1	Sporadoceras equale	Sporadoceras equale
		Nehdenian	II-I2	Dimeroceras sp.	Cycloclymenia sp.
			II-I1	Dimeroceras sp.	Dimeroceras sp.
			II-H	Sporadoceras teicherti	N/A
			II-G2	Maeneceras meridionale	Maeneceras latilobatum	Lower marginifera Zone
			II-G1	Maeneceras meridionale	Maeneceras meridionale
			II-F2	Paratornoceras polonicum	Acrimeroceras clarkei
	Lower		II-F1	Paratornoceras polonicum	Paratornoceras polonicum	rhomboidea Zone
			II-E2	Praemeroceras petterae	Praemeroceras primaevum
			II-E1	Praemeroceras petterae	Praemeroceras petterae
			II-D	Oxytornoceras sp.	N/A	Uppermost crepida–Lower rhomboidea Zone
			II-C	"Falcitornoceras" sp. 1		Upper crepida Zone
			II-B	"Falcitornoceras" sp. 1		Middle crepida Zone
			II-A	[no ammonoids; extinction]		triangularis–Lower crepida Zones
Frasnian	Upper	Adorfian	I-L2	Crickites lindneri	Manticoceras cordatum [ur]	Zone 13c	linguiformis
			I-L1b		“Manticoceras“ guppyi	Zone 13b	linguiformis
			I-L1a		Crickites lindneri	Zone 13a	Upper rhenana
			I-K	Manticoceras sp. 5	N/A	Zone 13a	Upper rhenana
			I-J3	Maternoceras retorquatum	Clauseniceras sp.	Zone 12	Lower rhenana
			I-J2		Virginoceras erraticum
			I-J1		Maternoceras retorquatum
			I-J1		Maternoceras retorquatum	Zone 11
			I-I2	Playfordites tripartitus	N/A
			I-I1	Costamanticoceras koeneni			jamieae
	Middle		I-H	Beloceras tenuistriatum		Zones 9–10	Upper hassi
			I-G2b	Mesobeloceras thomasi		Zone 8	Lower hassi
			I-G2a	Mesobeloceras housei		Zone 7	Lower hassi
			I-G1	Naplesites naplense Gp.		Zone 6	punctata
			I-F3	Sphaeromanticoceras affine		Zone 6
			I-F2	Gogoceras nicolli		Zone 5
			I-F1	Prochorites alveolatus
			I-E3	Manticoceras sp. 1
			I-E2	Ponticeras discoidale
			I-E1	Probeloceras lutheri lutheri

Ammonoidea

Agoniatitida

Acanthoclymeniid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Acanthoclymenia	A. neapolitana	West of McIntyre Knoll (WCB 367)	I-F1–I-F2	5
Probeloceras	P. lutheri lutheri	McPhee Knoll (WCB 365)	I-E1–I-E3	5
	P. lutheri ssp.		I-E3
	P. aff. lutheri	West of McIntyre Knoll (WCB 367)	I-F1
	gen. aff. P. sp.	West of McIntyre Knoll (WCB 367)	I-F2
Prochorites	P. alveolatus	West of McIntyre Knoll (WCB 367)	I-F1–I-F2	5

Beloceratid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Beloceras	B. tenuistriatum	Casey Falls (WCB 357) Horse Spring (WCB 364) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371A) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B) McWhae Ridge Trench (WCB 372) McWhae Ridge (Mesobeloceras Section)	I-H–I-L1b	9–13b	Fossil specimen of Beloceras sagittarium.
Beloceras	B. tenuistriatum glenisteri		I-I2	11
Mesobeloceras	M. housei	East of McPhee Knoll (WCB 366)	I-G2a	7
Mesobeloceras	M. thomasi	Horse Spring (WCB 364) McWhae Ridge Trench (WCB 372) McWhae Ridge (Mesobeloceras Section)	I-G2b–I-J3	8–12
Naplesites	N. naplense		I-G1	6
Naplesites	N. sp.		I-G1	6

Gephuroceratid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Archoceras	A. varicosum		I-L1b	13b
Carinoceras	C. vagans		I-G2b	8
Clauseniceras	C. scheldense		I-J2–I-J3	12
	C. cf. expectatum	McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B)	I-J2	12
	C. sp.		I-J3	12
Costamanticoceras	C. koeneni	Bugle Gap (Windy Knolls (WCB 369))	I-I1–I-J2	11–12
	C. tuberculatum	McWhae Ridge (WCB 371A)	I-J1	11–12
	C. sp.		I-G2b–I-J2	8–12
Crickites	C. lindneri	Bugle Gap (Windy Knolls (WCB 369)) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B) McWhae Ridge (Graben Section)	I-L1a–I-L1b	13a–13b
Manticoceras	M. cordatum	McPhee Knoll (WCB 365) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B)	I-E1, I-J2, I-L2	5, 12, 13c	Fossil (USNM 617549) of M. evolutum.
	M. evolutum	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	I-H	9–10
	"M." guppyi	Casey Falls (WCB 357) Horse Spring (WCB 364) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B) McWhae Ridge (Graben Section)	I-L1b–I-L2	13b–13c
	M. lamed	Casey Falls (WCB 357) Near Horse Spring (WCB 364) McPhee Knoll (WCB 365) East of McPhee Knoll (WCB 366) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B) McWhae Ridge Trench (WCB 372)	I-E1–I-K	5–13a
	M. rugosum	McWhae Ridge (WCB 371A) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B)	I-J1–I-J2	11–12
	M. sp. 1	West of McIntyre Knoll (WCB 367)	I-E3–I-F3	5–6
	M. sp. 2		I-F2–I-I1	5–11
	M. sp. 3		I-F2	5
	M. sp. 4	Flare Hill	I-K–I-L1a	13a
	M. sp. 5		I-K	13a
Maternoceras	M. retorquatum	McWhae Ridge (WCB 371A) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B)	I-I1–I-J2	11–12
	M. sandbergi		I-J3	12
	M. sp. 1	East of McPhee Knoll (WCB 366)	I-F3	6
Mixomanticoceras	M. exploratum	McPhee Knoll (WCB 365)	I-E1	5
Playfordites	P. tripartitus	Horse Spring (WCB 364) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371) McWhae Ridge Trench (WCB 372)	I-I2–I-J1	11–12
Playfordites	P. sp.		I-G2b	8
Serramanticoceras	S. obliquesulcatum		I-J2	12
	S. serratum	Near Horse Spring (WCB 364) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B) McWhae Ridge Trench (WCB 372)	I-I1–I-J3	11–12
	S. sp. 1		I-I2, I-J3	11–12
Sphaeromanticoceras	S. affine	East of McPhee Knoll (WCB 366)	I-F3–I-J2	6–12
Trimanticoceras	T. bullatum	McWhae Ridge (WCB 371A) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B)	I-J1–I-J3	11–12
	T. cinctum	Near Horse Spring (WCB 364) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B)	I-J2–I-L1a	12–13a
	T. aff. cinctum	McWhae Ridge (WCB 371A)	I-I2–I-J3	11–12
	T. sp. A		I-L1a	13a
	T. sp. B		I-J2	12
	T. sp. C		I-L1b	13b
Virginoceras	V. erraticum	McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B)	I-J2	12

Ponticeratid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Gogoceras	G. nicolli	West of McIntyre Knoll (WCB 367)	I-F2	5
	G. sp. A	McPhee Knoll (WCB 365)	I-E3
	G. sp. B	West of McIntyre Knoll (WCB 367)	I-F1
Ponticeras	P. discoidale	McPhee Knoll (WCB 365) West of McIntyre Knoll (WCB 367)	I-E2–I-F2	5
Ponticeras	P. sp.	McPhee Knoll (WCB 365)	I-E1	5

Goniatitida

Cheiloceratid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Cheiloceras	Cheiloceras (Staffites) curvispina		II-D–II-E1	Uppermost crepida–rhomboidea
	Cheiloceras (Puncticeras) lagowiense		II-D	Uppermost crepida–Lower rhomboidea	Fossil specimen of Cheiloceras sp.
	C. (P.) pompekji (Formerly, in part, C. (Staffites) ovatum)		II-B–II-E1	Middle crepida–rhomboidea
	C. (P.) postinversum (Formerly, in part, C. (C.) sacculus; compressed forms only)		II-D–II-F2	Uppermost crepida–Lower marginifera
	C. (P.) semiinversum		II-D–II-F1	Uppermost crepida–rhomboidea
	C. (P.) schmidti (Formerly C. (Staffites) schmidti)		II-D	Uppermost crepida–Lower rhomboidea
Praemeroceras	P. globosoides		II-E1–II-F1	Lower–Upper rhomboidea
	P. petterae (Formerly Dimeroceras petterae)		II-E1–II-F1	Lower–Upper rhomboidea
	P. primaevum (Formerly Dimeroceras padbergense)	WAPET C	II-E2–II-F1	Upper rhomboidea
Torleyoceras	T. oxyacantha		II-D	Uppermost crepida–Upper marginifera

Dimeroceratid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Dimeroceras	D. sp.	Casey Falls (WCB 357)	II-I1–III-A1	Upper marginifera
Paratornoceras	P. lentiforme		II-F1	Upper rhomboidea
Paratornoceras	P. polonicum		II-F1	Upper rhomboidea
Acrimeroceras	A. clarkei	WAPET C	II-F2	Lower marginifera

Kirsoceratid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Pernoceras	P. delepinei (Formerly Polonoceras delepinei)		III-A2–III-B1	Upper–Uppermost marginifera
Pernoceras	P. sp.		III-B2	Uppermost marginifera
Protornoceras	P. cf. simplicius		III-A1	Upper marginifera

Phenacoceratid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Cycloclymenia	C. sp.	Casey Falls (WCB 357)	II-I2	Upper marginifera

Pseudoclymeniid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Pseudoclymenia	P. australis		III-B2	Uppermost marginifera

Posttornoceratid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Posttornoceras	P. glenisteri		II-H–III-B1	Upper–Uppermost marginifera

Prolobitid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Prolobitid gen sp.	indet. sp.		III-C	trachytera

Sporadoceratid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Maeneceras	M. latilobatum (Formerly Sporadoceras (S.) latilobatum)		II-G2–II-H	Lower marginifera–Upper marginifera
	M. meridionale (Formerly Sporadoceras biferum)		II-G1–III-B2	Lower marginifera–Uppermost marginifera
	M. milleri	Syncline Gully	II-H–II-I2	Upper marginifera
Sporadoceras	S. angustisellatum (Formerly, in part, S. posthumum)		III-B1–III-C	Uppermost marginifera–trachytera
	S. equale (Formerly S. (S.) muensteri)	Casey Falls (WCB 357)	III-A1–III-A2	Upper marginifera
	S. teicherti		II-H–III-B1	Upper–Uppermost marginifera

Tornoceratid ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Aulatornoceras	A. auris		I-I1	11
	A. eifliense		I-F3–I-J2	6–12
	A. sp.		I-K	13a
Armatites	A. planidorsatus		II-D–II-I2	Uppermost crepida–Upper marginifera	Paleoart reconstruction of A. kaufmanni.
Falcitornoceras	"F." sp. 1		II-B–II-C	Middle–Upper crepida
	"F." sp. 2		II-B–II-C	Middle–Upper crepida
	"F." sp. 3		II-D	Uppermost crepida–Lower rhomboidea
	F. sp. M		III-B2–III-C	Uppermost marginifera–trachytera
Linguatornoceras	L. clausum	McWhae Ridge (WCB 371A) McWhae Ridge (WCB 371B)	I-I1–I-L1b	11–13b
	L. aff. clausum	East of McPhee Knoll (WCB 366)	I-F1–I-G1	5–6
	L. sp.		II-D	Uppermost crepida–Lower rhomboidea
Oxytornoceras	O. sp. (Formerly Epitornoceras peracutum)	Casey Falls (WCB 357)	II-D	Uppermost crepida–Lower rhomboidea
Planitornoceras	P. euryomphalum		III-B2	Uppermost marginifera

Clymeniida

Cyrtoclymeniidae ammonoids of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Ammonoid Zone	Conodont Zone	Images
Protactoclymenia	P. euryomphala	WAPET H	III-C	trachytera

Conodonts

Conodonts of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Conodont Zone	Clade	Images
Acodina	cf. A. sp. A.
Ancyrodella	A. buckeyensis	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	11–13b
	A. curvata (early form)	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	6–11
	A. curvata (late form)	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	11–13c
	A. gigas form 1	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	6–7
	A. gigas form 2	Horse Spring (WCB 364) West of McPhee Knoll (WCB 365)	6
	A. gigas form 3	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	10–11
	A. ioides	Horse Spring (WCB 364) Windy Knolls (WCB 369) McWhae Ridge Trench (WCB 372)	12
	A. lobata	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	7–10
	A. aff. ioides	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	13a–13b
	A. sp.	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	13b
Ancyrognathus	A. ancyrognathoideus	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	6
	A. asymmetricus		13a
	A. barba		8
	A. coeni		8–11
	A. deformis group		8–11
	A. iowaensis		11
	A. primus		6–7
	A. triangularis		11–12
	A. tsiensi		8–11
	A. aff. ?A. sp. 1		11
	A. sp.		10
	A. sp. indet.		11–13a
Belodella	B. sp.	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	6, 11–13c
Hindeodella	H. corpulenta	N/A	Lower marginifera
	H. subtilis
	H. sp.
Icriodus	I. alternatus	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	11–13b, Lower triangularis
Icriodus	I. symmetricus	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	6–11, 13a
Ligodina	L. sp.	align="center" \|N/A	Lower marginifera
Mehlina	M. sp.	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	10–11
Mesotaxis	M. ovalis	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	6
Neoprioniodus	N. armatus-alatus group	N/A	Lower marginifera
Nothognathella	N. palmatiformis	N/A	Lower marginifera
Nothognathella	N. sp.	N/A	Lower marginifera
Ozarkodina	O. bidentatiformis	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	6
	O. immersa	N/A	Lower marginifera
	O. macra	N/A	Lower marginifera
	O. nonaginta	Horse Spring (WCB 364) East of McPhee Knoll (WCB 366) McWhae Ridge Trench (WCB 372)	6–7
	?O. sp.	Horse Spring (WCB 364)	11
	O. sp.	N/A	Lower marginifera
	cf. ?O. lacera	N/A	Lower marginifera
Palmatolepis	P. glabra pectinata	N/A	Lower marginifera
	P. minuta minuta	N/A	Lower marginifera
	P. quadrantinodosa inflexa	N/A	Lower marginifera
	P. quadrantinodosa inflexoidea	N/A	Lower marginifera
Polygnathus	P. glaber glaber	N/A	Lower marginifera
	P. germanus germanus	N/A
	P. triphyllatus	N/A
Prioniodina	?P. smithi	N/A	Lower marginifera
Scutula	cf. S. bippenata	N/A	Lower marginifera
Tripodellus	T. robustus	N/A	Lower marginifera

Trilobita

Harpetida

Harpetid trilobites of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Conodont Zone	Images
Eskoharpes	E. boltoni	McWhae Ridge (Berigora Gully)	12	Harpides sp., a related species.
	E. guthae	McWhae Ridge (Phacopid Gully)	13a
	E. palanasus	McWhae Ridge (Calyx Corner, Phacopid Gully)	13a–13b
	E. wandjina	McWhae Ridge (Berigora Gully, Esko's Gully)	12
Globoharpes	G. teicherti	McWhae Ridge (Berigora Gully)	12
	G. friendi	McWhae Ridge (Berigora Gully, Esko's Gully)	12
	G. aff. teicherti	McWhae Ridge (Berigora Gully)	12

Odontopleurida

Odontopleurid trilobites of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Conodont Zone	Images
Gondwanaspis	G. dracula	Bugle Gap McWhae Ridge	11–12	The related Isoprusia sp.
	G. spinosa	Bugle Gap McWhae Ridge	11–12
	G. sp. A	Bugle Gap	11
	G. sp. B	McWhae Ridge	13b
	G. sp. C	McWhae Ridge	13b

Phacopida

Phacopid trilobites of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Conodont Zone	Images
Acuticryphops	A. acuticeps	McWhae Ridge (western side Base; Phacopid Gully)	13a	Mould of A. acuticeps.
Acuticryphops	A. klapperi	McWhae Ridge (Calyx Corner, Phacopid Gully)	13b
Babinops	B. planiventer	Ant Hill	Upper crepida–rhomboidea
Babinops	B. minor	McWhae Ridge (Base, Casey Falls (WCB 357))	Upper crepida–rhomboidea
Houseops	H. beckeri	McWhae Ridge	Upper triangularis
	H. canningensis	McWhae Ridge	Lower–Middle crepida
	H. sp. A	McWhae Ridge	Upper triangularis
Trimerocephaloides	T. sinevisus	Bugle Gap (Windy Knolls (WCB 369))	13a
Trimerocephaloides	T. (?) linguiformis	Bugle Gap (Windy Knolls (WCB 369)) Harpetid Bed	11
Trimerocephalus	T. tardispinosus	Sprite Ridge	rhomboidea
Trimerocephalus	T. mimbi	McWhae Ridge	rhomboidea

Proetida

Aulacopleurid trilobites of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Conodont Zone	Images
Otarion	O. fugitivum	McWhae Ridge (Phacopid Gully)	13b	Fossil of the family namesake, Aulacopleura konicki
Otarion	O. sp.	Siphon Spring	12	Fossil of the family namesake, Aulacopleura konicki

Proetid trilobites of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Conodont Zone	Images
Canningbole	C. henwoodorum	Siphon Spring	12	Fossil of Liobole glabra, a fellow proetid.
	C. latimargo	Horse Spring McWhae Ridge (Calyx Corner, Casey Falls (WCB 357), Phacopid Gully)	13b
	C. macromma	Horse Spring	11–12
	C. sp. aff. macromma	Horse Spring	11–12
Cyrtosymbole	C. playfordi	Sprite Ridge	rhomboidea
Palpebralia	P. initialis	Bugle Gap (Windy Knolls (WCB 369))	11
	P. pustulata	McWhae Ridge (Lower Beloceras Bed)	12
	?P. sp. A	McWhae Ridge (Calyx Corner)	13b
Palpebralina	P. pseudopalpebralis pseudopalpebralis	Bugle Gap (Windy Knolls (WCB 369)) McWhae Ridge (Phacopid Gully)	13a
	P. pseudopalpebralis ultima	McWhae Ridge (Calyx Corner)	13b
	P. minor	McWhae Ridge (Lower Beloceras Bed, Berigora Gully)	12
	P. ocellifer	Bugle Gap (Windy Knolls (WCB 369))	12
Rudybole	R. adorfensis angusta	Bugle Gap (Windy Knolls (WCB 369)) Horse Spring	11–12
	R. brecciae	McWhae Ridge (Calyx Corner, Phacopid Gully)	13b
	R. depressa	McWhae Ridge (Calyx Corner, Casey Falls (WCB 357), Phacopid Gully)	13b

Tropidocoryphid trilobites of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Conodont Zone	Images
Chlupaciparia	C. (C.) planiops	Bugle Gap (Windy Knolls (WCB 369))	13a	Fossil of the tropidocoryphid Diademaproetus sp.
	C. (Australoparia) australis	Bugle Gap (Windy Knolls (WCB 369))	12
	C. (A.) lata	Siphon Spring	12
Pteroparia	P. extrema	Bugle Gap (Windy Knolls (WCB 369)) McWhae Ridge (Lower Beloceras Bed, Berigora Gully)	12

Corynexochida

Styginid trilobites of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Conodont Zone	Images
Telopeltis	T. intermedia	McWhae Ridge (Base, Phacopid Gully)	13a	Prepared fossil specimen of Scutellum sp.
	T. microphthalmus	McWhae Ridge (Calyx Corner & Phacopid Gully)	13a–13b
	T. woodwardi	Bugle Gap Horse Spring McWhae Ridge (Base, Berigora Gully, Scutelluid Bed) Siphon Spring	11–12
	T. aff. intermedia	McWhae Ridge	13a
	T. aff. woodwardi	McWhae Ridge (Scutelluid Bed)	12

Vertebrates

Vertebrates of the Virgin Hills Formation
Genus	Species	Localities	Conodont Zone	Clade	Images
Australolepis	A. seddoni	Horse Spring	10–11	Thelodontiformes, Turiniidae
Cladodoides	C. wildungensis	Casey Falls (WCB 357) Horse Spring	11–Lower crepida	Ctenacanthiformes, Ctenacanthidae	Fossils of C. wildungensis.
Deihim	D. mansureae	Casey Falls (WCB 357)	Upper marginifera–?Tournaisian	Elasmobranchii, Protacrodontidae
Diademodus	D. dominicus	Horse Spring	11	Phoebodontiformes, Phoebodontidae	Reconstruction of D. hydei.
Lissodus	L. lusavorichi	Casey Falls (WCB 357)	Upper marginifera	Hybodontiformes, Lonchidiidae
Phoebodus	P. bifurcatus	Horse Spring	11	Phoebodontiformes, Phoebodontidae	Reconstruction of P. saidselachus.
	P. fastigatus		6–11
	P. latus		9–11
	P. cf. fastigatus		N/A
	P. sp. 1		N/A
Stethacanthus	S. sp. 1	Casey Falls (WCB 357)	N/A	Symmoriiformes, Stethacanthidae
Thrinacodus	T. tranquillus	Casey Falls (WCB 357)	Upper marginifera	Phoebodontiformes, Phoebodontidae
Westralichthys	W. uwagedensis	N/A (Not recorded, most likely Virgin Hills)	Lower marginifera	Arthrodira, Dunkleosteoidea incertae sedis	Reconstruction of W. uwagedensis.