Voiceless uvular implosive

Voiceless uvular implosive
Voiceless uvular implosive
ʛ̥
ʠ
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A voiceless uvular implosive is a rare consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʛ̥ ⟩ or theoretically ⟨qʼ↓⟩. A dedicated IPA letter, ⟨ʠ⟩, was retired in 1993.

Features

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.
Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is implosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the glottis downward. As it is voiceless, the glottis is completely closed, and there is no pulmonic airstream at all.

Occurrence

A voiceless uvular implosive has been claimed for several Mayan languages and for Yaaku.

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Kaqchikel	qʼijobʼäl	[ʛ̥iχoˈɓəɬ]	'watch, clock'	In word final position, [ʛ̥] is in free variation with [qʼ]; elsewhere only [ʛ̥] appears. See Kaqchikel language.
Mam	qʼootj	[ʛ̥oːtʰχ]	'dough'
Uspantek	jq’aab	[χʛ̥aːpˀ]	'his/her hand'	[ʛ̥] is in free variation with [qˀ] in all positions.
Yaaku	[-ʛ̥ai-]		'to kill'

References

↑ Patal Majzul, Filiberto; García Matzar, Pedro Oscar; Espantzay Serech, Carmelina (2000). Rujunamaxik ri Kaqchikel Chiʼ = Variación dialectal en Kaqchikel. Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala: Proyecto de Investigación Lingüística de Oxlajuuj Keej Mayaʼ Ajtzʼiibʼ (OKMA); Editorial Cholsamaj. pp. 24ff. ISBN 99922-53-13-4. OCLC 46849157.
↑ England, Nora C. (1983). A grammar of Mam, a Mayan language. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292729278. OCLC 748935484.
↑ Bennett, Ryan; Harvey, Meg; Henderson, Robert; Méndez López, Tomás Alberto (September 2022). "The phonetics and phonology of Uspanteko (Mayan)". Language and Linguistics Compass. 16 (9). doi:10.1111/lnc3.12467. ISSN 1749-818X.
↑ Heine, Bernd (1975). "Notes on the Yaaku Language (Kenya)". Afrika und Übersee. 58: 27–61, 119–138.

External links

List of languages with [ʛ̥] on PHOIBLE

[1] Patal Majzul, Filiberto; García Matzar, Pedro Oscar; Espantzay Serech, Carmelina (2000). Rujunamaxik ri Kaqchikel Chiʼ = Variación dialectal en Kaqchikel. Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala: Proyecto de Investigación Lingüística de Oxlajuuj Keej Mayaʼ Ajtzʼiibʼ (OKMA); Editorial Cholsamaj. pp. 24ff. ISBN 99922-53-13-4. OCLC 46849157.

[2] England, Nora C. (1983). A grammar of Mam, a Mayan language. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292729278. OCLC 748935484.

[3] Bennett, Ryan; Harvey, Meg; Henderson, Robert; Méndez López, Tomás Alberto (September 2022). "The phonetics and phonology of Uspanteko (Mayan)". Language and Linguistics Compass. 16 (9). doi:10.1111/lnc3.12467. ISSN 1749-818X.

[4] Heine, Bernd (1975). "Notes on the Yaaku Language (Kenya)". Afrika und Übersee. 58: 27–61, 119–138.

Voiceless uvular implosive

Features

Occurrence

See also

References

External links