Weather god

Jupiter, king of gods and weather god in ancient Rome
Mariamman, the Hindu goddess of rain.

A weather god or goddess, also frequently known as a storm god or goddess, is a deity in mythology associated with weather phenomena such as thunder, snow, lightning, rain, wind, storms, tornadoes, and hurricanes; in some instances, they are associated with skies as well, as a general association, and thus many of them are also sky deities, or are in close association with one.

Should they only be in charge of one feature of a storm, they will be called after that attribute, such as a rain god or a lightning/thunder god. This singular attribute might then be emphasized more than the generic, all-encompassing term "storm god", though with thunder/lightning gods, the two terms seem interchangeable. They feature commonly in polytheistic religions, especially in Proto-Indo-European ones.

Storm gods are most often conceived of as wielding thunder and/or lightning (some lightning gods' names actually mean "thunder", but since one cannot have thunder without lightning, they presumably wielded both). The ancients did not seem to differentiate between the two, which is presumably why both the words "lightning bolt" and "thunderbolt" exist despite being synonyms. Of the examples currently listed storm themed deities are more frequently depicted as male, but both male and female storm or other rain, wind, or weather deities are described.

Africa and the Middle East

Sub-Sahara Africa

Afroasiatic Middle East

Canaanite

  • Baal, Canaanite god of fertility, weather, and war.
  • Hadad, the Canaanite and Carthaginian storm, fertility, & war god. Identified as Baʿal's true name at Ugarit.
  • Yahwism, in the faith of ancient Israel and Judah. Yahweh is said to have absorbed the attributes of other Levantine deities, taking on weather-god functions like storm, wind, rain and fertility control.

Egyptian

  • Horus, the Egyptian god of rainstorms, the weather, the sky and war. Associated with the sun, kingship, and retribution. Personified in the pharaoh.
  • Set, the Egyptian chaos, evil, and storm god, lord of the desert.

Mesopotamian

  • Enlil, god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms
  • Adad, the Mesopotamian weather god
  • Manzat, goddess of the rainbow
  • Shala, wife of Adad and a rain goddess
  • Wer, a weather god worshiped in northern Mesopotamia and in Syria

Western Eurasia

Albanian

Balto-Slavic

Basque

Celtic

Germanic

Greco-Roman

Western Asia

Anatolian-Caucasian

Hindu-Vedic

  • Indra, Hindu God of the Weather, Storms, Sky, Lightning, and Thunder. Also known as the King of gods.
  • Mariamman, Hindu rain goddess.
  • Parjanya, Epithet of Indra
  • Rudra, the god of wind, storms, and hunting; destructive aspect of Shiva

Persian-Zoroastrian

  • Vayu-Vata, Iranian duo of gods, the first is the god of wind, much like the Hindu Vayu.

Uralic

Asia-Pacific / Oceania

Chinese

Filipino

Japanese

Vietnamese

Oceania

Native Americas

Central America, South America and the Caribbean

See also

References

  1. ↑ University, Utah State (2009-08-06). "Sun Gods & Rain Makers, Perceptions of Weather at Museum of Anthropology". Utah State Today. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
  2. ↑ Schwemer, Daniel (2007). "The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 7 (2): 121–168. doi:10.1163/156921207783876404. ISSN 1569-2116. Archived from the original on 2025-08-14.
  3. ↑ Scheffer, Johannes (1674). The History of Lapland. Oxford
  4. ↑ Eesti Keele Instituut (Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia); Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiiv (1 January 2004). Folklore: electronic journal of folklore. The Institute. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  5. ↑ Orel (2003:429)
  6. ↑ Hundley, Michael, ed. (2022), "Levantine Gods", Yahweh among the Gods: The Divine in Genesis, Exodus, and the Ancient Near East, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 143–190, ISBN 978-1-108-48286-8, retrieved 2026-05-09
  7. ↑ Paul-Marie Duval. 2002. Les Dieux de la Gaule. Paris, Éditions Payot.
  8. ↑ Orel (2003:429)
  9. ↑ Wilson, L. L. (1947). Ilongot Life and Legends. Southeast Asia Institute.
  10. ↑ Llamzon, Teodoro A. 1978. Handbook of Philippine language groups. Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
  11. ↑ Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.
  12. ↑ Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.
  13. ↑ Eugenio, D. L. (2013). Philippine Folk Literature: The Legends. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press
  14. ↑ San Agustín, G. (1998). Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas, 1565–1615 (Spanish Edition): Bilingual ed edition. San Agustin Museum.
  15. ↑ Filipino Heritage: The metal age in the Philippines (1977). Manila: Lahing Pilipino Pub.
  16. ↑ Fox, R. B. (1982). Religion and Society Among the Tagbanuas of Palawan Island, Philippines. Manila: National Museum.
  17. ↑ Filipino Heritage: The metal age in the Philippines (1977). Manila: Lahing Pilipino Pub.
  18. ↑ Fox, R. B. (1982). Religion and Society Among the Tagbanuas of Palawan Island, Philippines. Manila: National Museum.
  19. ↑ Unabia, C. C. (1986). THe Bukidnon Batbatonon and Pamuhay: A Socio-Literary Study. Quezon City : UP Press.
  20. ↑ Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.
  21. ↑ Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.
  22. ↑ Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.
  23. ↑ Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.
  24. ↑ Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.

Further reading