Citation needed

Example of "citation needed" in an English Wikipedia article
The citation needed template in a previous version of the English Wikipedia's article about the mushroom

The tag "citation needed" (stylized as "[citation needed]") is added by Wikipedia editors to unsourced statements in articles requesting citations to be added. The phrase is reflective of the Wikipedia policies of verifiability and no original research, and has become a general Internet meme.

Usage on Wikipedia

The tag was first used on Wikipedia in 2006, and its template created by user Ta bu shi da yu. According to Wikipedia's policy, editors should add citations for content, to ensure accuracy and neutrality, and to avoid original research. The citation needed tag is used to mark statements that lack supported citations. Wikipedia editors may use tools like Citation Hunt to address these uncited statements. Users who click the tag will be directed to pages about Wikipedia's verifiability policy and its application using the tag.

A parody of the tag, [cetacean needed], is used for missing images on Wikipedia's list of cetaceans page.

Usage outside Wikipedia

xkcd comic "Wikipedian Protestor": as a politician addresses a crowd, a protestor within the crowd holds up a sign reading "[CITATION NEEDED]".
A 2007 xkcd comic by Randall Munroe featuring a protester with a "[citation needed]" placard
Photograph of a protestor in a crowd holding up a poster reading "*CITATION NEEDED!"
Poster at the 2017 March for Science

In 2008, culture jammer Matt Mechtley created stickers with "[citation needed]", encouraging people to stick them on advertisements.

In 2010, American television hosts Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert led the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear at the National Mall in Washington, D.C., where some participants held placards with "[citation needed]".

American cartoonist Randall Munroe has frequently used "[citation needed]" tags for humorous commentary in his writings, including in his 2014 book What If?.

The podcast "Citations Needed" is a Webby-nominated media criticism podcast, hosted by journalists Nima Shirazi and Adam Johnson to explore the intersection of media, PR, and power.

Wikipedian Molly White publishes a newsletter covering the cryptocurrency and technology industries called Citation Needed.

References

  1. 1 2 Redi, Miriam; Fetahu, Besnik; Morgan, Jonathan; Taraborelli, Dario (May 13, 2019). "Citation Needed: A Taxonomy and Algorithmic Assessment of Wikipedia's Verifiability". The World Wide Web Conference. WWW '19. San Francisco, CA, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1567–1578. arXiv:1902.11116. doi:10.1145/3308558.3313618. ISBN 978-1-4503-6674-8. S2CID 67856117.
  2. 1 2 McDowell, Zachary J.; Vetter, Matthew A. (2022). "What Counts as Information: The Construction of Reliability and Verifability". Wikipedia and the Representation of Reality. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. p. 34. doi:10.4324/9781003094081. hdl:20.500.12657/50520. ISBN 978-1-000-47427-5.
  3. ↑ Ta bu shi da yu (June 15, 2005). "Template:Citation needed". English Wikipedia. Archived from the original on March 23, 2025. Retrieved March 23, 2025.
  4. ↑ 栗岡 幹英 [Masahide Kurioka] (March 1, 2010). "インターネットは言論の公共圏たりうるか：ブログとウィキペディアの内容分析" [Can the Internet be the Public Sphere of Discourse? : Contents Analysis of Blog and Wikipedia]. 奈良女子大学社会学論集 [Nara Women's University Sociological Studies] (in Japanese) (17). 奈良女子大学社会学研究会 [Nara Women's University Sociological Study Group]: 133–151. ISSN 1340-4032.[dead link]
  5. ↑ McDowell, Zachary; Vetter, Matthew (2022). Wikipedia and the Representation of Reality. New York: Routledge. p. 33-34. ISBN 978-0-367-55571-9.
  6. ↑ McDowell, Zachary J.; Vetter, Matthew A. (July 2020). "It Takes a Village to Combat a Fake News Army: Wikipedia's Community and Policies for Information Literacy". Social Media + Society. 6 (3) 2056305120937309. doi:10.1177/2056305120937309. ISSN 2056-3051. S2CID 222110748.
  7. ↑ Helm, R. R. (November 10, 2015). "Awesome nerd joke hidden in Wikipedia's "List of Cetaceans" | Deep Sea News". Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  8. ↑ Glenn, Joshua (January 2, 2008). "[citation needed]". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  9. ↑ Johnson, Ted (November 1, 2010). "Satirical rally calls for sanity and/or fear". Variety. Archived from the original on November 16, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  10. ↑ Munroe, Randall (2014). What If? Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions. Hachette UK. ISBN 9780544272644. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  11. ↑ Hill, Kyle (September 2, 2014). "Review: XKCD's What If?". Nerdist. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  12. ↑ Poole, Steven (September 19, 2014). "Book Review: 'What If' by Randall Munroe". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  13. ↑ "Podcast | Citations Needed". Nima Shirazi. Archived from the original on January 12, 2025. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  14. ↑ Groundwater, Colin (April 29, 2020). "The Best Podcasts to Listen to in Self-Isolation". GQ. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  15. ↑ White, Molly (November 10, 2023). "Laser eyes". Citation Needed. No. 43. Archived from the original on July 2, 2025. Retrieved June 4, 2025.
  16. ↑ Cohn, Cindy; Kelly, Jason (May 21, 2025). "Love the Internet Before You Hate On It". How to Fix the Internet. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on July 2, 2025. Retrieved June 4, 2025.