Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978
Tüüp	seadus
Jõustunud	1978 (48 aastat tagasi)
Koht	Ameerika Ühendriigid
Vastu võtnud	Senat (1978) ; Esindajatekoda (1978)
Alla kirjutanud	President Jimmy Carter (1978)
Keel	inglise

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA; inglise keelest Välisluure jälitustegevuse seadus) on Ameerika Ühendriikide seadus, millega reguleeritakse kodumaal jälitustegevust ja välisluureandmete kogumist.

FISA võeti vastu, kui tuli avalikuks, et Ameerika Ühendriikide valitsus oli Richard Nixoni ajal laialdaselt rikkunud inimeste privaatsust. Seaduse järgi peavad õiguskaitse- ja luureasutused saama spionaažis või terrorismis kahtlustatavate "välisjõudude" või "välisjõudude agentide" kohta teabe kogumiseks loa. Nende lubade menetlemiseks loodi spetsiaalne kohus.

Algselt kattis FISA vaid elektroonilist jälitustegevust, kuid hiljem laiendati seda muudele tegevustele ja andmetele nagu läbiotsimised, kõnelogid ja jälitusseadmed.

Pärast 11. septembri terrorirünnakuid on seda seadust korduvalt lõdvendatud. Muudatused on tõstatanud küsimusi eraelu puutumatuse kaitse kohta.

Vaata ka

Viited

↑ Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA): An Overview (updated April 6, 2021), Congressional Research Service.
↑ 50 USC §1801(b) "Agent of a foreign power means—
(1) any person other than a United States person, who— (A) acts in the United States as an officer or employee of a foreign power, or as a member of a foreign power as defined in subsection (a)(4), irrespective of whether the person is inside the United States; (B) acts for or on behalf of a foreign power which engages in clandestine intelligence activities in the United States contrary to the interests of the United States, when the circumstances indicate that such person may engage in such activities, or when such person knowingly aids or abets any person in the conduct of such activities or knowingly conspires with any person to engage in such activities; (C) engages in international terrorism or activities in preparation therefore; (D) engages in the international proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, or activities in preparation therefor; or (E) engages in the international proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, or activities in preparation therefor, for or on behalf of a foreign power, or knowingly aids or abets any person in the conduct of such proliferation or activities in preparation therefor, or knowingly conspires with any person to engage in such proliferation or activities in preparation therefor; or (2) any person who— (A) knowingly engages in clandestine intelligence gathering activities for or on behalf of a foreign power, which activities involve or may involve a violation of the criminal statutes of the United States; (B) pursuant to the direction of an intelligence service or network of a foreign power, knowingly engages in any other clandestine intelligence activities for or on behalf of such foreign power, which activities involve or are about to involve a violation of the criminal statutes of the United States; (C) knowingly engages in sabotage or international terrorism, or activities that are in preparation therefor, for or on behalf of a foreign power; (D) knowingly enters the United States under a false or fraudulent identity for or on behalf of a foreign power or, while in the United States, knowingly assumes a false or fraudulent identity for or on behalf of a foreign power; or (E) knowingly aids or abets any person in the conduct of activities described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) or knowingly conspires with any person to engage in activities described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C).
↑ Sabin, Sam (17. jaanuar 2023). "Washington prepares to weigh whether a FISA surveillance program should continue". Axios (inglise). Vaadatud 10. aprillil 2023.

Kirjandus

Greenwald, Glenn. "Fisa court oversight: a look inside a secret and empty process." The Guardian. Tuesday June 18, 2013.
Roberts, Dan. "US must fix secret Fisa courts, says top judge who granted surveillance orders." The Guardian. Tuesday July 9, 2013.
"The Need to Roll Back Presidential Power Grabs", by Arlen Specter, The New York Review of Books, Volume 56, Number 8. May 14, 2009
NOW on PBS Uncovers Surveillance Details Through AT&T Whistleblower
Prepared Remarks of Kenneth L. Wainstein, Assistant Attorney General for National Security at the Georgetown University Law Center's National Security Center Symposium on Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Modernization, September 10, 2007
David Alan Jordan, Decrypting the Fourth Amendment: Warrantless NSA Surveillance and the Enhanced Expectation of Privacy Provided by Encrypted Voice over Internet Protocol – Boston College Law Review, Vol. 47, 2006

Välislingid

Täispikk tekst

[:0-1] Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA): An Overview (updated April 6, 2021), Congressional Research Service.

[fisa-2] 50 USC §1801(b) "Agent of a foreign power means—
(1) any person other than a United States person, who— (A) acts in the United States as an officer or employee of a foreign power, or as a member of a foreign power as defined in subsection (a)(4), irrespective of whether the person is inside the United States; (B) acts for or on behalf of a foreign power which engages in clandestine intelligence activities in the United States contrary to the interests of the United States, when the circumstances indicate that such person may engage in such activities, or when such person knowingly aids or abets any person in the conduct of such activities or knowingly conspires with any person to engage in such activities; (C) engages in international terrorism or activities in preparation therefore; (D) engages in the international proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, or activities in preparation therefor; or (E) engages in the international proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, or activities in preparation therefor, for or on behalf of a foreign power, or knowingly aids or abets any person in the conduct of such proliferation or activities in preparation therefor, or knowingly conspires with any person to engage in such proliferation or activities in preparation therefor; or (2) any person who— (A) knowingly engages in clandestine intelligence gathering activities for or on behalf of a foreign power, which activities involve or may involve a violation of the criminal statutes of the United States; (B) pursuant to the direction of an intelligence service or network of a foreign power, knowingly engages in any other clandestine intelligence activities for or on behalf of such foreign power, which activities involve or are about to involve a violation of the criminal statutes of the United States; (C) knowingly engages in sabotage or international terrorism, or activities that are in preparation therefor, for or on behalf of a foreign power; (D) knowingly enters the United States under a false or fraudulent identity for or on behalf of a foreign power or, while in the United States, knowingly assumes a false or fraudulent identity for or on behalf of a foreign power; or (E) knowingly aids or abets any person in the conduct of activities described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) or knowingly conspires with any person to engage in activities described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C).

[Sabin-3] Sabin, Sam (17. jaanuar 2023). "Washington prepares to weigh whether a FISA surveillance program should continue". Axios (inglise). Vaadatud 10. aprillil 2023.